RESULTS
Predictors alone generally explained a very low proportion of the variability in the LMMs (marginal R2 from 1% to 4%), and only for BDMC of clonal species, the fixed effects accounted for 58% (Table 2). Most of the model variability was instead explained by the random effect associated with species identity (conditional R2 up to 93%; Table 2; Supplemental Material 2). As of NMDS, clonal species (except for Koeleria distinguished by consistently taller individuals and Carex by higher BDMC) showed a greater overlap in the multifunctional space than non-clonal species, which were characterized by distinct and largely species-specific occupancy of the multifunctional space (Figure 2).
TABLE 2 Results of the LMMs for the clonal and non-clonal species separately. Sign (arrow direction), significance (p-value: ** ≤ 0.01; * ≤ 0.05; . ≤ 0.1) and strength (R2 values) of single-trait predictor links are reported (marg = marginal R2; cond = conditional R2). Only the significant relationships are indicated – refer to Supplemental Material 2 for detailed model summary statistics.