Figure 2. Contrast between urban and rural concentration of a)
N, b) P, and c) K, the more relevant macronutrients driving plant-AMF
interaction (Heikham et al. , 2009; Salvioli di Fossalunga &
Novero, 2019). d) AMF-colonization rate (± SE) of Ruellia
nudiflora by AMF, e) spore density in 100g, and f) diversity Shannon
index in R. nudiflora rhizospheric soil collected in rural (RS),
open urban (OUS), and deep urban (DUS) environments. n.s. indicate no
significance, and different letters indicate significant difference
(P < 0.05).