Conclusions
This study is, to our knowledge, the first to explore the ecological effects of urbanization affecting the plant-AMF interaction on an invasive herb. The few studies that have explored the effect of urbanization have focused on the tree-mycorrhizal fungi association (ECM and AMF; e.g. Wiseman & Wells, 2005), and they were mainly concerned about the health of urban trees and ecological services. Recently, Murray-Stoker & Johnson (2021) studied the the white clover (Trifolium repens ) an invasive herb spread around the globe, and found that the interaction with rhizobium decreased with urbanization due to N enrichment in urban areas in Toronto city. We are convinced that studying invasive and native herbs living in cities and their associations with its microbiota is fundamental to understand the ecology and evolution of the colonization of urban environments. Here, we found that in sidewalks, a deep urban environment which is an inhospitable environment, P enriched soils play a key role in reducingR. nudiflora -AMF mutualistic association.