Conclusions
This study is, to our knowledge, the first to explore the ecological
effects of urbanization affecting the plant-AMF interaction on an
invasive herb. The few studies that have explored the effect of
urbanization have focused on the tree-mycorrhizal fungi association (ECM
and AMF; e.g. Wiseman & Wells, 2005), and they were mainly concerned
about the health of urban trees and ecological services. Recently,
Murray-Stoker & Johnson (2021) studied the the white clover
(Trifolium repens ) an invasive herb spread around the globe, and
found that the interaction with rhizobium decreased with urbanization
due to N enrichment in urban areas in Toronto city. We are convinced
that studying invasive and native herbs living in cities and their
associations with its microbiota is fundamental to understand the
ecology and evolution of the colonization of urban environments. Here,
we found that in sidewalks, a deep urban environment which is an
inhospitable environment, P enriched soils play a key role in reducingR. nudiflora -AMF mutualistic association.