Figure 2. Contrast between urban and rural concentration of a) N, b) P, and c) K, the more relevant macronutrients driving plant-AMF interaction (Heikham et al. , 2009; Salvioli di Fossalunga & Novero, 2019). d) AMF-colonization rate (± SE) of Ruellia nudiflora by AMF, e) spore density in 100g, and f) diversity Shannon index in R. nudiflora rhizospheric soil collected in rural (RS), open urban (OUS), and deep urban (DUS) environments. n.s. indicate no significance, and different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).