HPV coinfection with bacteria
HPV infections can also occur concurrently with bacterial infections.
Coinfection refers to the presence of multiple infections, in this case,
both HPV and bacteria, in the same individual. While the focus of HPV
infection is primarily on viral interactions, the presence of bacteria
can influence the clinical course and outcomes of HPV-related
diseases.82-86
Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial pathogen that can cause
sexually transmitted infections. Studies have reported an association
between HPV infection and concurrent Chlamydia trachomatisinfection. Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis may enhance HPV
persistence and increase the risk of HPV-related complications, such as
cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer.82-85,87
Mycoplasma genitalium is another bacterial pathogen associated
with sexually transmitted infections. Some studies have suggested an
association between Mycoplasma genitalium infection and HPV
infection, particularly in individuals with persistent HPV infections.
Coinfection with Mycoplasma genitalium may influence the
persistence and progression of HPV-related
diseases.87,88
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium commonly associated with
genital tract colonization and infections in women. Limited studies have
suggested an association between GBS colonization and HPV infection.
However, the clinical significance and impact of this coinfection on
HPV-related diseases are not well established.87,89
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by an imbalance of vaginal
microbiota, with a decrease in Lactobacillus species and an
increase in various bacteria. Some studies have shown an association
between BV and HPV infection, particularly high-risk HPV types. BV may
create an environment that favors HPV persistence and progression to
cervical dysplasia.87,90,91
While less studied, other bacterial infections, such as Neisseria
gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi , have been reported in
association with HPV infection. These coinfections may impact the
clinical course, progression, and treatment outcomes of HPV-related
diseases.87,92