HPV coinfection with other virusesĀ 
HPV infections can occur concurrently with other viral infections. Coinfection refers to the presence of multiple viral infections in the same individual.65,66 Here are some examples of HPV coinfection with other viruses:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): HIV-positive individuals have a higher prevalence of HPV infection and are more susceptible to persistent and high-risk HPV infections. The weakened immune system in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk of HPV-related diseases, such as cervical cancer and anal cancer.67-73
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Coinfection of HPV with HSV, particularly HSV-2, has been observed in some studies. Both HPV and HSV can cause genital lesions, and their presence together can complicate diagnosis and management.67,73-75
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Some studies have reported an association between HPV infection and chronic HBV or HCV infection. Coinfection with HPV and these hepatitis viruses may increase the risk of developing liver cancer.73,76
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Coinfection of HPV with EBV has been observed in some cases, particularly in certain HPV-related cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The presence of both viruses may contribute to the development and progression of these cancers.73,77-81
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Coinfection of HPV with CMV has been reported in various studies. Although the significance of this coinfection is not fully understood, it may influence the progression and severity of HPV-associated diseases.73,81
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Coinfection of HPV with HTLV-1 has been documented in certain populations, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection. The presence of HTLV-1 may influence the development and progression of HPV-related diseases.73,76
It is important to note that coinfection with other viruses can impact the clinical course, treatment outcomes, and prognosis of HPV-associated diseases. It may also have implications for transmission dynamics and response to therapeutic interventions. Individuals with HPV infection should be screened and managed for other viral infections as appropriate, particularly if they have risk factors or belong to populations with a higher prevalence of these coinfections.65