HPV anal cancers
HPV infection is a significant risk factor for the development of anal
cancer. Anal cancer refers to cancer that arises in the tissues of the
anus, which is the opening at the end of the
rectum.106-113 The majority of anal cancers are caused
by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV16 and
HPV18. These HPV types have oncogenic potential and can lead to the
development of cancerous cells in the anal
region.106,108,113
HPV-associated anal cancer is primarily linked to sexual transmission,
including both heterosexual and homosexual activity. The risk of
acquiring HPV infection and subsequent anal cancer is increased by
engaging in anal sex, having multiple sexual partners, and having a
history of other sexually transmitted
infections.108,113 Certain populations have a higher
risk of developing HPV-associated anal cancer. This includes men who
have sex with men (MSM), individuals with a history of receptive anal
intercourse, individuals with a weakened immune system (such as those
with HIV/AIDS), and individuals with a history of other HPV-related
diseases, such as cervical or genital warts.106-113
Before the development of anal cancer, precancerous lesions known as
anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) may be present. AIN can progress
from low-grade to high-grade dysplasia, indicating increasing severity
of abnormal cell growth. If left untreated, high-grade AIN can progress
to invasive anal cancer.108,113 The symptoms of anal
cancer may include anal bleeding, pain, itching, a lump or mass in the
anal area, changes in bowel habits, and discharge. However, these
symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it is important to
consult a healthcare professional for accurate
diagnosis.108,111,113
The diagnosis of anal cancer involves various tests, including a
physical examination, anal cytology (Pap smear), and biopsy of
suspicious lesions. Staging is important to determine the extent of the
cancer and guide treatment decisions. Imaging tests, such as computed
tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be
performed to assess the spread of the cancer to nearby lymph nodes or
other organs.106-113 Treatment options for anal cancer
may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy. The specific treatment approach depends on the stage and
location of the cancer. Multidisciplinary care involving oncologists,
surgeons, and radiation oncologists is often recommended for optimal
treatment outcomes.106,108,113
HPV vaccination, practicing safe sex, and regular screening are
important preventive measures for anal cancer. HPV vaccination can help
prevent HPV infection and reduce the risk of developing HPV-related
cancers, including anal cancer. Safe sexual practices, such as using
condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners, can help reduce the
risk of HPV transmission. Regular screening, including anal Pap smears
and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) in high-risk individuals, can detect
precancerous lesions and allow for early
intervention.25,27,28,113