HPV coinfection with other virusesĀ
HPV infections can occur concurrently with other viral infections.
Coinfection refers to the presence of multiple viral infections in the
same individual.65,66 Here are some examples of HPV
coinfection with other viruses:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): HIV-positive individuals have a
higher prevalence of HPV infection and are more susceptible to
persistent and high-risk HPV infections. The weakened immune system in
HIV-infected individuals increases the risk of HPV-related diseases,
such as cervical cancer and anal cancer.67-73
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Coinfection of HPV with HSV, particularly
HSV-2, has been observed in some studies. Both HPV and HSV can cause
genital lesions, and their presence together can complicate diagnosis
and management.67,73-75
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Some studies have
reported an association between HPV infection and chronic HBV or HCV
infection. Coinfection with HPV and these hepatitis viruses may increase
the risk of developing liver cancer.73,76
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Coinfection of HPV with EBV has been observed
in some cases, particularly in certain HPV-related cancers, such as
nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The presence of both viruses may contribute to
the development and progression of these
cancers.73,77-81
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Coinfection of HPV with CMV has been reported in
various studies. Although the significance of this coinfection is not
fully understood, it may influence the progression and severity of
HPV-associated diseases.73,81
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Coinfection of HPV with HTLV-1
has been documented in certain populations, particularly in areas with a
high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection. The presence of HTLV-1 may
influence the development and progression of HPV-related
diseases.73,76
It is important to note that coinfection with other viruses can impact
the clinical course, treatment outcomes, and prognosis of HPV-associated
diseases. It may also have implications for transmission dynamics and
response to therapeutic interventions. Individuals with HPV infection
should be screened and managed for other viral infections as
appropriate, particularly if they have risk factors or belong to
populations with a higher prevalence of these
coinfections.65