References
Atwood, T. C., H. P. Weeks, and T. M. Gehring. 2004. Spatial ecology of coyotes along a suburban-to-rural gradient. The Journal of Wildlife Management 68:1000-1009.
Basille, M., D. Fortin, C. Dussault, J.-P. Ouellet, and R. Courtois. 2013. Ecologically based definition of seasons clarifies predator–prey interactions. Ecography 36:220-229.
Bastille-Rousseau, G., J. R. Potts, J. A. Schaefer, M. A. Lewis, E. H. Ellington, N. D. Rayl, S. P. Mahoney, and D. L. Murray. 2015. Unveiling trade-offs in resource selection of migratory caribou using a mechanistic movement model of availability. Ecography 38:1049-1059.
Bastille-Rousseau, G., P. E. Schlichting, D. A. Keiter, J. B. Smith, J. C. Kilgo, G. Wittemyer, K. C. Vercauteren, J. C. Beasley, and K. M. Pepin. 2021. Multi-level movement response of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa ) to removal. Pest Management Science 77:85-95.
Bastille-Rousseau, G., and G. Wittemyer. 2019. Leveraging multidimensional heterogeneity in resource selection to define movement tactics of animals. Ecology Letters 22:1417-1427.
Beltrán, J. F., and M. E. Tewes. 1995. Immobilization of ocelots and bobcats with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31:43-48.
Beyer, H. L., R. Ung, D. L. Murray, and M.-J. Fortin. 2013. Functional responses, seasonal variation and thresholds in behavioural responses of moose to road density. Journal of Applied Ecology 50:286-294.
Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Second edition. Springer Publishing, New York, New York, USA.
Burt, W. H. 1943. Territoriality and Home Range Concepts as Applied to Mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 24:346-352.
Butler, Z., D. Gamba, S. Morris, J. Zahratka, and E. M. Lehmer. 2017. Novel use of a rapidly reversible field anesthetic in small game mammals using yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris ) as a model organism. BIOS 88:135-143.
Calabrese, J. M., C. H. Fleming, and E. Gurarie. 2016. ctmm: an R package for analyzing animal relocation data as a continuous-time stochastic process. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1124-1132.
Červinka, J., L. Drahníková, J. Kreisinger, and M. Šálek. 2014. Effect of habitat characteristics on mesocarnivore occurrence in urban environment in the Central Europe. Urban Ecosystems 17:893-909.
Ellington, E. H., and D. L. Murray. 2015. Influence of hybridization on animal space use: a case study using coyote range expansion. Oikos 124:535-542.
Fleming, C. H., W. F. Fagan, T. Mueller, K. A. Olson, P. Leimgruber, and J. M. Calabrese. 2015. Rigorous home range estimation with movement data: a new autocorrelated kernel density estimator. Ecology 96:1182-1188.
Flores-Morales, M., J. Vázquez, A. Bautista, L. Rodríguez-Martínez, and O. Monroy-Vilchis. 2019. Response of two sympatric carnivores to human disturbances of their habitat: the bobcat and coyote. Mammal Research 64:53-62.
Franckowiak, G. A., M. Perdicas, and G. A. Smith. 2020. Spatial ecology of coyotes in the urbanizing landscape of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio. PLOS ONE 14:e0227028.
Frey, S., J. P. Volpe, N. A. Heim, J. Paczkowski, and J. T. Fisher. 2020. Move to nocturnality not a universal trend in carnivore species on disturbed landscapes. Oikos 129:1128-1140.
Gaynor, K. M., C. E. Hojnowski, N. H. Carter, and J. S. Brashares. 2018. The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science 360:1232-1235.
Gehrt, S. D., C. Anchor, and L. A. White. 2009. Home Range and Landscape Use of Coyotes in a Metropolitan Landscape: Conflict or Coexistence? Journal of Mammalogy 90:1045-1057.
Gese, E. M., O. J. Rongstad, and W. R. Mytton. 1988. Home Range and Habitat Use of Coyotes in Southeastern Colorado. The Journal of Wildlife Management 52:640-646.
Godvik, I. M. R., L. E. Loe, J. O. Vik, V. Veiberg, R. Langvatn, and A. Mysterud. 2009. Temporal scales, trade-offs, and functional responses in red deer habitat selection. Ecology 90:699-710.
Gosselink, T. E., T. R. Van Deelen, R. E. Warner, and M. G. Joselyn. 2003. Temporal habitat partitioning and spatial use of coyotes and red foxes in east-central Illinois. The Journal of Wildlife Management 67:90-103.
Grinder, M. I., and P. R. Krausman. 2001. Home Range, Habitat Use, and Nocturnal Activity of Coyotes in an Urban Environment. The Journal of Wildlife Management 65:887-898.
Hartigan, J. A., and M. A. Wong. 1979. Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 28:100-108.
Hebblewhite, M., and E. Merrill. 2008. Modelling wildlife–human relationships for social species with mixed-effects resource selection models. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:834-844.
Herfindal, I., J.-P. Tremblay, B. B. Hansen, E. J. Solberg, M. Heim, and B.-E. Sæther. 2009. Scale dependency and functional response in moose habitat selection. Ecography 32:849-859.
Hertel, A. G., P. T. Niemelä, N. J. Dingemanse, and T. Mueller. 2020. A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild. Movement Ecology 8:1-18.
Holling, C. S. 1965. The Functional Response of Predators to Prey Density and its Role in Mimicry and Population Regulation. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 97:5-60.
Illinois State Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute. 2015. Streams and Shorelines. <https://clearinghouse.isgs.illinois.edu/data/hydrology/streams-and-shorelines>. Accessed 5 October 2021.
Illinois Technology Transfer Center. 2020. 2020 Statewide Highway. <http://apps.dot.illinois.gov/gist2/>. Accessed 5 October 2021.
Johnson, C. J., M. S. Boyce, R. L. Case, H. D. Cluff, R. J. Gau, A. Gunn, and R. Mulders. 2005. Cumulative Effects of Human Developments on Arctic Wildlife. Wildlife Monographs 160:1-36.
Johnson, C. J., K. L. Parker, D. C. Heard, and M. P. Gillingham. 2002. Movement parameters of ungulates and scale-specific responses to the environment. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:225-235.
Johnson, D. H. 1980. The Comparison of Usage and Availability Measurements for Evaluating Resource Preference. Ecology 61:65-71.
Kaiser, M. I., and C. Müller. 2021. What is an animal personality? Biology & Philosophy 36:1.
Kennedy, C. M., J. R. Oakleaf, D. M. Theobald, S. Baruch‐Mordo, and J. Kiesecker. 2019. Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. Global Change Biology 25:811-826.
Knopff, A. A., K. H. Knopff, M. S. Boyce, and C. C. St. Clair. 2014. Flexible habitat selection by cougars in response to anthropogenic development. Biological Conservation 178:136-145.
Laliberte, A. S., and W. J. Ripple. 2004. Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates. BioScience 54:123-138.
Laundré, J. W., and B. L. Keller. 1984. Home-Range Size of Coyotes: A Critical Review. The Journal of Wildlife Management 48:127-139.
Leblond, M., C. Dussault, and J.-P. Ouellet. 2013. Avoidance of roads by large herbivores and its relation to disturbance intensity. Journal of Zoology 289:32-40.
Lehman, C. P., M. A. Rumble, C. T. Rota, B. J. Bird, D. T. Fogarty, and J. J. Millspaugh. 2016. Elk resource selection at parturition sites, Black Hills, South Dakota. The Journal of Wildlife Management 80:465-478.
Lesmeister, D. B., C. K. Nielsen, E. M. Schauber, and E. C. Hellgren. 2015. Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern North America. Wildlife Monographs 191:1-61.
Linnell, J. D. C., and O. Strand. 2000. Interference interactions, co-existence and conservation of mammalian carnivores. Diversity and Distributions 6:169-176.
Litvaitis, J. A., and D. J. Harrison. 1989. Bobcat–coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1180-1188.
Lovell, C., S. Li, J. Turner, and C. Carbone. 2022. The effect of habitat and human disturbance on the spatiotemporal activity of two urban carnivores: The results of an intensive camera trap study. Ecology and Evolution 12:e8746.
Lowry, H., A. Lill, and B. B. M. Wong. 2013. Behavioural responses of wildlife to urban environments. Biological Reviews 88:537-549.
MacQueen, J. 1967. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. Pages 281-297 in Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statististics and Probability, Berkeley, California, USA.
Manly, B., L. McDonald, D. L. Thomas, T. L. McDonald, and W. P. Erickson. 2002. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Second edition. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, New York, USA.
MapLogs. 2018. Sunrise Sunset Times of Illinois, USA. <https://sunrise.maplogs.com/illinois_usa.968.html>. Accessed 5 October 2021.
Mason, G., C. C. Burn, J. A. Dallaire, J. Kroshko, H. McDonald Kinkaid, and J. M. Jeschke. 2013. Plastic animals in cages: behavioural flexibility and responses to captivity. Animal Behaviour 85:1113-1126.
Mayer, A. E., T. J. McGreevy Jr, C. Brown, L. S. Ganoe, and B. D. Gerber. 2022. Transient persistence of bobcat (Lynx rufus ) occurrence throughout a human-dominated landscape. Population Ecology.
Mayor, S. J., D. C. Schneider, J. A. Schaefer, and S. P. Mahoney. 2009. Habitat selection at multiple scales. Écoscience 16:238-247.
Moreau, G., D. Fortin, S. Couturier, and T. Duchesne. 2012. Multi-level functional responses for wildlife conservation: the case of threatened caribou in managed boreal forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:611-620.
Muhly, T. B., C. Semeniuk, A. Massolo, L. Hickman, and M. Musiani. 2011. Human Activity Helps Prey Win the Predator-Prey Space Race. PLOS ONE 6:e17050.
Murtaugh, P. A. 2007. Simplicity and complexity in ecological data analysis. Ecology 88:56-62.
Mysterud, A., and R. A. Ims. 1998. Functional responses in habitat use: availablity influences relative use in trade-off situations. Ecology 79:1435-1441.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2018. National Weather Service: The Seasons (Equinoxes and Solstices) Page. <https://www.weather.gov/dvn/Climate_Astronomical_Seasons>. Accessed 5 October 2021.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2021. National Centers for Environmental Information: Climate at a Glance. <https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/county/mapping>. Accessed 21 September 2021.
Newediuk, L., C. M. Prokopenko, and E. V. Wal. 2022. Individual differences in habitat selection mediate landscape level predictions of a functional response. Oecologia 198:99-110.
Nielsen, C., and A. Woolf. 2001. Bobcat habitat use relative to human dwellings in southern Illinois. Pages 40-44 in Proceedings of a symposium on current bobcat research and implications for management. The Wildlife Society 2000 Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Nielsen, C. K., C. R. Bottom, R. G. Tebo, and E. Greenspan. 2017. Habitat overlap among bobcats (Lynx rufus ), coyotes (Canis latrans ), and Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo ) in an agricultural landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 96:486-496.
Nilsen, E. B., D. C. L. John, and R. Andersen. 2004. Individual Access to Preferred Habitat Affects Fitness Components in Female Roe DeerCapreolus capreolus . Journal of Animal Ecology 73:44-50.
O’Donnell, K., and J. delBarco-Trillo. 2020. Changes in the home range sizes of terrestrial vertebrates in response to urban disturbance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Urban Ecology 6:juaa014.
Ordeñana, M. A., K. R. Crooks, E. E. Boydston, R. N. Fisher, L. M. Lyren, S. Siudyla, C. D. Haas, S. Harris, S. A. Hathaway, G. M. Turschak, A. K. Miles, and D. H. Van Vuren. 2010. Effects of urbanization on carnivore species distribution and richness. Journal of Mammalogy 91:1322-1331.
Petroelje, T. R., T. M. Kautz, D. E. Beyer, and J. L. Belant. 2021. Interference competition between wolves and coyotes during variable prey abundance. Ecology & Evolution 11:1413-1431.
Popescu, V. D., M. Kenyon, R. K. Brown, M. A. Dyck, S. Prange, W. E. Peterman, and C. Dennison. 2021. Habitat connectivity and resource selection in an expanding bobcat (Lynx rufus ) population. PeerJ 9:e12460.
Randa, L. A., and J. A. Yunger. 2006. Carnivore Occurrence along an Urban-Rural Gradient: A Landscape-Level Analysis. Journal of Mammalogy 87:1154-1164.
Réale, D., N. J. Dingemanse, A. J. N. Kazem, and J. Wright. 2010. Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365:3937-3946.
Réale, D., S. M. Reader, D. Sol, P. T. McDougall, and N. J. Dingemanse. 2007. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological Reviews 82:291-318.
Reding, D. M., S. A. Cushman, T. E. Gosselink, and W. R. Clark. 2013. Linking movement behavior and fine-scale genetic structure to model landscape connectivity for bobcats (Lynx rufus ). Landscape Ecology 28:471-486.
Reed, G. C., J. A. Litvaitis, M. Ellingwood, P. Tate, D. J. A. Broman, A. P. K. Sirén, and R. P. Carroll. 2017. Describing habitat suitability of bobcats (Lynx rufus ) using several sources of information obtained at multiple spatial scales. Mammalian Biology 82:17-26.
Reilly, C. M., J. P. Suraci, J. A. Smith, Y. Wang, and C. C. Wilmers. 2022. Mesopredators retain their fear of humans across a development gradient. Behavioral Ecology 33:428-435.
Rettie, W. J., and F. Messier. 2000. Hierarchical habitat selection by woodland caribou: its relationship to limiting factors. Ecography 23:466-478.
Riley, S. P. D., R. M. Sauvajot, T. K. Fuller, E. C. York, D. A. Kamradt, C. Bromley, and R. K. Wayne. 2003. Effects of Urbanization and Habitat Fragmentation on Bobcats and Coyotes in Southern California. Conservation Biology 17:566-576.
Rivera, K., M. Fidino, Z. J. Farris, S. B. Magle, A. Murphy, and B. D. Gerber. 2021. Rethinking habitat occupancy modeling and the role of diel activity in an anthropogenic world. bioRxiv:2021.2006.2030.450589.
Roberts, N. M., and S. M. Crimmins. 2010. Bobcat Population Status and Management in North America: Evidence of Large-Scale Population Increase. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1:169-174.
Roemer, G. W., M. E. Gompper, and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2009. The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore. BioScience 59:165-173.
Schielzeth, H. 2010. Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1:103-113.
Schmidt, K. 2008. Behavioural and spatial adaptation of the Eurasian lynx to a decline in prey availability. Acta Theriologica 53:1-16.
Shamoon, H., R. Maor, D. Saltz, and T. Dayan. 2018. Increased mammal nocturnality in agricultural landscapes results in fragmentation due to cascading effects. Biological Conservation 226:32-41.
Skinner, D. L., and A. W. Todd. 1990. Evaluating efficiency of footholding devices for coyote capture. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:166-175.
Snell-Rood, E. C. 2013. An overview of the evolutionary causes and consequences of behavioural plasticity. Animal Behaviour 85:1004-1011.
Spalinger, D. E., and N. T. Hobbs. 1992. Mechanisms of Foraging in Mammalian Herbivores: New Models of Functional Response. The American Naturalist 140:325-348.
Stamps, J. A., and T. G. Groothuis. 2010. Developmental perspectives on personality: implications for ecological and evolutionary studies of individual differences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365:4029-4041.
Streicher, J. P., T. Ramesh, and C. T. Downs. 2021. An African urban mesocarnivore: Navigating the urban matrix of Durban, South Africa. Global Ecology and Conservation 26:e01482.
Thornton, D. H., M. E. Sunquist, and M. B. Main. 2004. Ecological Separation within Newly Sympatric Populations of Coyotes and Bobcats in South-Central Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 85:973-982.
Tigas, L. A., D. H. Van Vuren, and R. M. Sauvajot. 2002. Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment. Biological Conservation 108:299-306.
Tucker, S. A., W. R. Clark, and T. E. Gosselink. 2008. Space Use and Habitat Selection by Bobcats in the Fragmented Landscape of South-Central Iowa. The Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1114-1124.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2021. National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Land Cover Products. <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/604a4fb1d34eb120311b0039>. Accessed 5 December 2021.
Webber, Q. M. R., M. P. Laforge, M. Bonar, A. L. Robitaille, C. Hart, S. Zabihi-Seissan, and E. Vander Wal. 2020. The Ecology of Individual Differences Empirically Applied to Space-Use and Movement Tactics. The American Naturalist 196:E1-E15.
Webster, S. C., J. C. Beasley, J. W. Hinton, and M. J. Chamberlain. 2022. Resident and transient coyotes exhibit differential patterns of movement behavior across heterogeneous landscapes in the southeastern United States. Ecology and Evolution 12:e8725.
Worton, B. J. 1989. Kernel Methods for Estimating the Utilization Distribution in Home-Range Studies. Ecology 70:164-168.
Yan, M., and K. Ye. 2007. Determining the Number of Clusters Using the Weighted Gap Statistic. Biometrics 63:1031-1037.