Participants
We conducted this cross-sectional study at the Gynecology and Center for Reproductive Medicine of the ********************. From May to September 2022, non-pregnant women with PCOS aged 18 to 50 years attending the hospital’s gynecology and medical reproduction centre were recruited for this study, and each participant met Rotterdam criteria (H. Teede et al., 2018): oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, together with clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, or both. Exclusion criteria: (1) participants with severe cardiovascular, liver, kidney and other organic diseases or malignant tumours: (2) participants with mental illness or cognitive impairment.