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\begin{document}

\title{Balancing non-CO2 GHG emissions and soil carbon sequestration in U.S.
rice paddies: implications for natural climate solutions}



\author[1]{Jingting Zhang}%
\author[2]{Hanqin Tian}%
\author[3]{Yongfa You}%
\author[4]{Xin-Zhong Liang}%
\author[5]{Zutao Ouyang}%
\author[3]{Naiqing Pan}%
\author[3]{Shufen Pan}%
\affil[1]{Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College}%
\affil[3]{Auburn University}%
\affil[4]{University of Maryland, College Park}%
\affil[5]{Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 07, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The U.S. rice paddy systems play an increasingly vital role in ensuring
food security, which also contribute massive anthropogenic non-CO2 (CH4
and N2O) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with expanding cultivation area.
Yet, the full assessment of GHG balance, considering trade-offs between
soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and non-CO2 GHG emissions, is
lacking. Integrating an improved agricultural ecosystem model with a
meta-analysis of multiple field studies, we found that U.S. rice paddy
was a rapidly growing net GHG emission source, increased 138\% to 8.88 \selectlanguage{ngerman}±
2.65 Tg CO2eq yr-1 in the 2010s. CH4 emission made the most significant
contribution (10.12 ± 2.28 Tg CO2eq yr-1) to this increase in net GHG
emissions in the 2010s, but increasing N2O emissions, accounting for
\textasciitilde{}2.4\% (0.21 ± 0.03 Tg CO2eq yr-1), cannot be ignored.
SOC sequestration could offset about 14.0\% (1.45 ± 0.46 Tg CO2eq yr1)
of the climate-warming effects of soil non-CO2 GHG emissions in the
2010s. The aggravation of net GHG emissions stemmed from intensified
land use/cover changes, rising atmospheric CO2, and heightened synthetic
N fertilizer and manure application. Climate change exacerbated around
\textasciitilde{}21\% of soil N2O emissions and \textasciitilde{}10\% of
soil CO2 release in the 2010s. Nonetheless, adopting no/reduced tillage
resulted in a substantial decrease of \textasciitilde{}10 \% in net soil
GHG emissions, and non-continuous irrigation exhibited the potential to
mitigate around 39\% of soil non-CO2 GHG emissions. Great potential for
emissions reduction in the mid-South U.S. by optimizing synthetic N
fertilizer and manure ratios, reducing tillage, and implementing
non-continuous irrigation.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`974211_0_art_file_11392426_s13gvw.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/577300/articles/667937-balancing-non-co2-ghg-emissions-and-soil-carbon-sequestration-in-u-s-rice-paddies-implications-for-natural-climate-solutions}

\textbf{Hosted file}

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