Abbreviations
CHD: Congenital heart disease
FE: Fetal echocardiography
IVF: In vitro fertilization
CHB: Complete heart block
PAC: Premature atrial contraction
LV: Left ventricle
RV: Right ventricle
VSD: Ventricular septal defect
ASD: Atrial septal defect
TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot
TGA: Transposition of great arteries
CTGA: Corrected transposition of great arteries
PA: Pulmonary atresia
PS: Pulmonary stenosis
AS: Aortic stenosis
IVS: Interventricular septum
DORV: Double outlet right ventricle
HLHS: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
HRHS: Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
CoA: Coarctation of aorta
AVSD: Atrioventricular septal defect
ICEF: Intracardiac echogenic focus
GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus
SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus
RA: Rheumatoid arthritis
DCM: Dilated cardiomyopathy
PPI: Permanent pacemaker implantation
References
1. Donofrio MT, Moon‑Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, Copel JA, Sklansky MS,
Abuhamad A et al (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac
disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Cir‑
culation 129(21):2183–2242. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ 01. cir. 00004
37597.
44550. 5d
2. Hamdan MA, Chedid F, Bekdache GN, Begam M, Alsafi W, Sabri Z,
Mirghani HM (2015) Perinatal outcome of congenital heart disease in
a population with high consanguinity. J Perinat Med 43(6):735–740.
https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm‑2014‑0019
3. Sheridan E, Wright J, Small N, Corry PC, Oddie S, Whibley C et al
(2013)
Risk factors for congenital anomaly in a multiethnic birth cohort: an
analysis of the born in Bradford study. Lancet 382:1350–1359.
https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0140‑6736(13)l 61132‑0
4. Liu S, Joseph KS, Lisonkova S, Rouleau J, Van den Hof M, Sauve R
et al (2013) Association between maternal chronic conditions and
congenital heart defects: a population‑based cohort study. Circulation
128:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001054
5. Bernstein D (2000) Epidemiology of congenital heart disease. In:
Behr‑
man RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB (eds) Nelson textbook of pediatrics.
WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1362–1363
6. Meberg A, Hals J, Thaulow E (2007) Congenital heart defects‑chromo‑
somal anomalies, syndromes and extracardiac malformations. Acta
Paediatr 96:1142–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651‑2227.2007.
00381.x
7. Buskens E, Stewart PA, Hess J, Grobbee DE, Wladimiroff W (1996)
Efficacy of fetal echocardiography and yield by risk category. Obstet
Gynecol 87:423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029‑7844(95)00439‑4
8. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, McGaurn SP, Goin JE, Clark BJ (2001) Impact of
prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neo‑
nates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics 107:1277–
1282. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.1277
9. Swanson TM, Selamet Tierney ES, Tworetzky W, Pigula F, McElhinney
DB
(2009) Truncus arteriosus: diagnostic accuracy, outcomes, and impact
of prenatal diagnosis. Pediatr Cardiol 30(3):256–261.
https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00246‑008‑9328‑7
10. Morris SA, Ethen MK, Penny DJ, Canfield MA, Minard CG, Fixler DE et
al
(2014) Prenatal diagnosis, birth location, surgical center, and
neonatal
mortality in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation
129:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003711
11. Cohen MS, Schultz AH, Tian ZY, Donaghue DD, Weinberg PM, Gaynor
JW et al (2006) Heterotaxy syndrome with functional single ventricle:
does prenatal diagnosis improve survival? Ann Thorac Surg 82:1629–
1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.05.039
12. Srinivasan S, Strasburger J (2008) Overview of fetal arrythmias.
Curr
Opin Pediatr 20(5):522–531. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283
0f93ec
13. Hofstaetter C, Hansmann M, Eik‑Nes SH, Huhta JC, Luther SL (2006)
A cardiovascular profile score in the surveillance of fetal hydrops. J
Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 19(7):407–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14767050600682446
14. Makrydimas G, Sotiriadis A, Ioannidis JP (2003) Screening
performance
of first‑trimester nuchal translucency for major cardiac defects: a
meta‑
analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(5):1330–1335. https://doi.org/10.
1067/s0002‑9378(03)00645‑8
15. Volpe P, Tuo G, De Robertis V, Campobasso G, Marasini M, Tempesta
A,
Gentile M, Rembouskos G (2010) Fetal interrupted aortic arch: 2D–4D
echocardiography, associations and outcome. Ultrasound Obstet
Gynecol 35(3):302–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.7530
16. Allan LD (1995) Echocardiographic detection of congenital heart
disease in the fetus: present and future. Br Heart J 74:103–106.
https://
doi.org/10.1136/hrt.74.2.103
17. Rychik J, Ayres N, Cuneo B, Gotteiner N, Hornberger L, Spevak PJ et
al
(2004) American society of echocardiography guidelines and standards
for performance of the fetal echocardiogram. J Am Soc Echocardiogr
17(7):803–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2004.04.011
18. Meyer‑Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Sholler G (2001) Correlation between
fetal cardiac diagnosis by obstetric and pediatric cardiologist sonog‑
raphers and comparison with postnatal findings. Ultrasound Obstet
Gynecol 17:392–397. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469‑0705.2001.00381.x
19. Chaubal NG, Chaubal J (2009) Fetal echocardiography. Indian J
Radiol
Imaging 19(1):60–68
20. Allan L, Benacerraf B, Copel JA, Carvalho JS, Chaoui R, Eik‑Nes SH,
Teg‑
nander E, Gembruch U, Huhta JC, Pilu G, Wladimiroff J, Yagel S (2001)
Isolated major congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
17:370–379. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469‑0705.2001.00439.x
21. Buskens E, Grobbee DE, Frohn‑Mulder IM, Stewart PA, Juttmann RE,
Wladimiroff JW, Hess J (1996) Efficacy of routine fetal ultrasound
screening for congenital heart disease in normal pregnancy. Circula‑
tion 94(1):67–72. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.1.67
22. Nayak K, Chandra GSN, Shetty R, Narayan PK (2016) Evaluation of
fetal
echocardiography as a routine antenatal screening tool for detection
of congenital heart disease. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 6(1):44–49.
https://
doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223‑3652.2015.12.01
23. Archiron R, Glaser J, Gelernter I, Hegesh J, Yagel S (1992) Extended
fetal
echocardiographic examination for detecting cardiac malformations in
low risk pregnancies. BMJ 304:671–674. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.
304.6828.671
24. Carvalho JS, Mavrides E, Shinebourne EA, Campbell S, Thilaganathan
B (2002) Improving the effectiveness of routine prenatal screening for
major congenital heart defects. Heart 88:387–391. https://doi.org/10.
1136/heart.88.4.387
25. Chitra N, Vijayalakshmi IB (2017) Fetal echocardiography for early
detection of congenital heart diseases. J Echocardiogr 15(1):13–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12574‑016‑0308‑2
26. Jaeggi E, Sholler GF, Jones O, Cooper SG (1998) Impact of fetal
echocar‑
diography on the course of major congenital heart disease: a popula‑
tion based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 31(Suppl.):71A
27. Li M, Wang W, Yang X, Yan Y, Wu Q (2008) Evaluation of referral
Indications for fetal echocardiography in Beijing. J Ultrasound Med
27:1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2008.27.9.1291
28. Vaidyanathan B, Kumar S, Sudhakar A, Kumar RK (2013) Conotruncal
anomalies in the fetus: referral patterns and pregnancy outcomes in
a dedicated fetal cardiology unit in South India. Ann Pediatr Cardiol
6:15–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974‑2069.107227
29. Knowles RL, Ridout D, Crowe S, Bull C, Wray J, Tregay J, Franklin
RC,
Barron DJ, Cunningham D, Parslow RC, Brown KL (2017) Ethnic and
socioeconomic variation in incidence of congenital heart defects.
Arch Dis Child 102(6):496–502. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischi
ld‑2016‑311143
30. Zhang YF, Zeng XL, Zhao EF, Lu HW (2015) Diagnostic value of fetal
echocardiography for congenital heart disease: a systematic review
and meta‑analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e1759. https://doi.org/10.
1097/MD.0000000000001759
31. Soongswang J, Thitadilok W, Suansaneevithayaakul P, Sutanthavibul
A, Ruangvutilert P, Wansanit K, Punlee K, Phrudprisan S, Kangkakate C
(2005) Efficacy of fetal echocardiography and an evaluation of indica‑
tion. J Med Assoc Thai 88(Suppl 8):S215–S220
32. Buyens A, Gyselaers W, Coumans A, Al Nasiry S, Willekes C, Boshoff
D,
Frijns JP, Witters I (2012) Difficult prenatal diagnosis: fetal
coarctation.
Facts Views Vis Obstet Gynaecol 4(4):230–236
33. Wilson NJ, Allen BC, Clarkson PM, Knight DB, Roberts AB, Calder AL
(1993) One year audit of a referral fetal echocardiography service. NZ
Med J 107:258–260
34. Yagel S, Weissman A, Rotstein Z, Manor M, Hegesh J, Anteby E, Lipitz
S,
Archiron R (1997) Congenital heart defects: natural course and in
utero
development. Circulation 96:550–555. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.
96.2.550
35. Simpson JM (2000) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ultrasound
Obstet
Gynecol 15:271–278. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469‑0705.2000.00086.x
36. Strasburger JF, Cheulkar B, Wichman HJ (2007) Perinatal
arrythmias:
diagnosis and management. Clin Perinatol 34:627–652. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.clp.2007.10.002
37. Sklansky M, Tang A, Levy D, Grossfeld P, Kashani I, Shaughnessy R et
al
(2002) Maternal psychological impact of fetal echocardiography. J Am
Soc Echocardiogr 15:159–16638. Brown KL, Sullivan ID (2014) Prenatal
detection for major congenital
heart disease: a key process measure for congenital heart networks.
Heart 100(05):359–360. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl‑2013‑305161
39. Donofrio MT (2018) Predicting the future: delivery room planning
of
congenital heart disease diagnosed by fetal echocardiography. Am J
Perinatol 35(6):549–552. https://doi.org/10.1055/s‑0038‑1637764
40. Peyvandi S, Nguyen TA, Almeida‑Jones M, Boe N, Rhee L, Anton T,
Sklansky M, Tarsa M, Satou G, Moon‑Grady AJ, University of Califor‑
nia Fetal Consortium (UCfC) (2017) Timing and mode of delivery in
prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease: an analysis of
practices
within the University of California Fetal Consortium (UCfC). Pediatr
Cardiol 38(3):588–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246‑016‑1552‑y
41. Holland BJ, Myers JA, Woods CR Jr (2015) Prenatal diagnosis of
critical
congenital heart disease reduces risk of death fromcardiovascular
compromise prior to planned neonatal cardiac surgery: a metaanalysis.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 45(06):631–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/
uog.14882