2.5 Ecological Characteristics of Water Hyacinth

Water hyacinth reproduces vegetatively through the formation of stolons, and is also sexually propagated through seeds, which can survive in water for six years making water hyacinth difficult to control. Under suitable growth conditions, the number of water hyacinths can double in one week (Tag EI-Din, 1992). A water hyacinth plant can produce 140 million ramets within one year, with a fresh weight of 28,000 tons (Ogutu-Ohwayo, 1997). Water hyacinths are prevalent in eutrophic water bodies and can form dense grass mats covering large areas of water. Akinwande et al., studied the water hyacinth biomass in Nigerian waters, which ranged from 28.8 to 33.2 t dry matter/(ha·year) (Akinwande, 2013). The water hyacinth has a well-developed root system and can absorb nutrients in the growing environment. Therefore, its material composition is closely related to the growth environment. Poddar et al., reported that water hyacinths growing in swamp areas with a nitrogen content of 2.40 mg/L had a nitrogen content of approximately 1.78%. (Poddar, 1991).