Limitations
This study has some limitations that should be considered. First, the
sample is limited. Second, physical violence was not explored because 1)
the interest of this study was to examine psychological and relational
violence, and 2) the participants were reluctant to respond to certain
items. Finally, because of the sensitivity of the topic, it is possible
that some abusive behaviors remained undetected as participants may not
have responded honestly because of the social implications and the
stigma associated with IPV. In Spain, endeavors have been made to reduce
IPV. Hence, adolescents are aware of its existence and consequences, but
their knowledge is founded on the most salient examples (i.e., physical
aggressions, femicide). As the social stigma associated with victim
status has a great psychological impact, adolescents could avoid this
label unless they experience extreme episodes of violence.