Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Clinical studies were included that met the following criteria: 1) studies for RCTs only; 2) studies including adult patients diagnosed with renal anemia in DD CKD; 3) Regardless of race, studies eligible for inclusion received HIF-PHI as the treatment group; 4) studies consisted of a control group treated with ESAs (epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa, et al.) in the same setting and for the same period; 5) studies reported one or more relevant outcomes: change in AEs, SAEs, hemoglobin (Hb) response, ΔHb, hepcidin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, serum iron. Studies containing any of the following conditions were excluded: 1) retrospective studies; 2) studies reporting the irrelevant outcome; 3) studies published as reviews, conference abstracts, letters, case reports, editorials, and expert opinions; 4) studies involving healthy individuals or the same patient cohort included in evaluating another study; 5) studies with less than eight weeks of treatment.