Study characteristics and quality assessment
Characteristics of included research are depicted in Table 1. A total of
14,947 dialysis patients were included, with 7,787 participants in the
HIF-PHIs groups and 7,160 in the ESAs groups. The network structures are
shown in Supplementary Figure S1. The quality assessment of the included
trials is displayed in Supplementary Figure S2-9. Most trials were
discerned to be of acceptable quality and judged to have a low risk of
bias or some concerns, with the exception of one trial with an overall
high risk of bias due to randomization, deviations from intended
intervention, and missing data[28], evaluated by the Cochrane
Collaboration’s risk of bias tool[42].