REFERENCES
1. Collaboration. GCKD. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic
kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden
of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (London, England) 2020; 395: 709-33.
2. Eckardt KU, Agarwal R, Aswad A, Awad A, Block GA, Bacci MR, Farag
YMK, Fishbane S, Hubert H, Jardine A, Khawaja Z, Koury MJ, Maroni BJ,
Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Lewis EF, Luo W, Parfrey PS, Pergola P,
Sarnak MJ, Spinowitz B, Tumlin J, Vargo DL, Walters KA, Winkelmayer WC,
Wittes J, Zwiech R, Chertow GM. Safety and Efficacy of Vadadustat for
Anemia in Patients Undergoing Dialysis. The New England journal of
medicine 2021; 384: 1601-12.
3. Crugliano G, Serra R, Ielapi N, Battaglia Y, Coppolino G, Bolignano
D, Bracale UM, Pisani A, Faga T, Michael A, Provenzano M, Andreucci M.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilizers in End Stage Kidney Disease: ”Can
the Promise Be Kept?”. International journal of molecular sciences 2021;
22.
4. Zheng Q, Yang H, Sun L, Wei R, Fu X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Liu YN, Liu WJ.
Efficacy and safety of HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor vs epoetin and
darbepoetin for anemia in chronic kidney disease patients not undergoing
dialysis: A network meta-analysis. Pharmacological research 2020; 159:
105020.
5. Raichoudhury R, Spinowitz BS. Treatment of anemia in
difficult-to-manage patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney
international supplements 2021; 11: 26-34.
6. Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Tonelli M, Klarenbach S, Hemmelgarn
BR. Impact of anemia on hospitalization and mortality in older adults.
Blood 2006; 107: 3841-6.
7. Amgen,Inc. ARANESP® (darbepoetin alfa) injection, for intravenous or
subcutaneous use, 2019.
8. Amgen,Inc. Epogen® (epoetin alfa) injection, for intravenous or
subcutaneous use. 2018.
9. Brigandi RA, Johnson B, Oei C, Westerman M, Olbina G, de Zoysa J,
Roger SD, Sahay M, Cross N, McMahon L, Guptha V, Smolyarchuk EA, Singh
N, Russ SF, Kumar S. A Novel Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase
Inhibitor (GSK1278863) for Anemia in CKD: A 28-Day, Phase 2A Randomized
Trial. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the
National Kidney Foundation 2016; 67: 861-71.
10. Hong YR, Kim HT, Lee SC, Ro S, Cho JM, Kim IS, Jung YH.
[(4-Hydroxyl-benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-acetic
acid derivatives; HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors as oral
erythropoietin secretagogues. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters
2013; 23: 5953-7.
11. Koury MJ, Haase VH. Anaemia in kidney disease: harnessing hypoxia
responses for therapy. Nature reviews Nephrology 2015; 11: 394-410.
12. Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, Lin H, Wang C, Xing C, Liang X, Jiang G, Liu
Z, Li X, Zuo L, Luo L, Wang J, Zhao MH, Liu Z, Cai GY, Hao L, Leong R,
Wang C, Liu C, Neff T, Szczech L, Yu KP. Roxadustat Treatment for Anemia
in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Dialysis. The New England journal of
medicine 2019; 381: 1011-22.
13. Tang M, Zhu C, Yan T, Zhou Y, Lv Q, Chuan J. Safe and Effective
Treatment for Anemic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Roxadustat. Frontiers in
pharmacology 2021; 12: 658079.
14. Del Balzo U, Signore PE, Walkinshaw G, Seeley TW, Brenner MC, Wang
Q, Guo G, Arend MP, Flippin LA, Chow FA, Gervasi DC, Kjaergaard CH,
Langsetmo I, Guenzler V, Liu DY, Klaus SJ, Lin A, Neff TB. Nonclinical
Characterization of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase
Inhibitor Roxadustat, a Novel Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney
Disease. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2020;
374: 342-53.
15. Dhillon S. Roxadustat: First Global Approval. Drugs 2019; 79:
563-72.
16. Fishbane S, Pollock CA, El-Shahawy M, Escudero ET, Rastogi A, Van
BP, Frison L, Houser M, Pola M, Little DJ, Guzman N, Pergola PE.
Roxadustat Versus Epoetin Alfa for Treating Anemia in Patients with
Chronic Kidney Disease on Dialysis: Results from the Randomized Phase 3
ROCKIES Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
2022; 33: 850-66.
17. Lei J, Li H, Wang S. Efficacy and Safety of Roxadustat in Patients
with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized
Controlled Trials including 6,518 Patients. BioMed research
international 2022; 2022: 2413176.
18. Fu Z, Geng X, Chi K, Song C, Wu D, Liu C, Hong Q. Efficacy and
Safety of Daprodustat Vs rhEPO for Anemia in Patients With Chronic
Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Frontiers
in pharmacology 2022; 13: 746265.
19. Higgins JP, Jackson D, Barrett JK, Lu G, Ades AE, White IR.
Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and
models for multi-arm studies. Research synthesis methods 2012; 3:
98-110.
20. Jackson D, White IR, Riley RD. Quantifying the impact of
between-study heterogeneity in multivariate meta-analyses. Statistics in
medicine 2012; 31: 3805-20.
21. Jackson D, Barrett JK, Rice S, White IR, Higgins JP. A
design-by-treatment interaction model for network meta-analysis with
random inconsistency effects. Statistics in medicine 2014; 33: 3639-54.
22. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical
summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis:
an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol 2011; 64: 163-71.
23. Rücker G, Schwarzer G. Ranking treatments in frequentist network
meta-analysis works without resampling methods. BMC medical research
methodology 2015; 15: 58.
24. Rover C. Bayesian Random-Effects Meta-Analysis Using the bayesmeta R
Package. Journal of Statistical Software 2020; 93: 1-51.
25. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. A re-evaluation of
random-effects meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
Series A, (Statistics in Society) 2009; 172: 137-59.
26. Akizawa T, Iwasaki M, Yamaguchi Y, Majikawa Y, Reusch M. Phase 3,
Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator (Darbepoetin Alfa) Study of
Oral Roxadustat in CKD Patients with Anemia on Hemodialysis in Japan.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 2020; 31: 1628-39.
27. Provenzano R, Shutov E, Eremeeva L, Korneyeva S, Poole L, Saha G,
Bradley C, Eyassu M, Besarab A, Leong R, Liu CS, Neff TB, Szczech L, Yu
KP. Roxadustat for anemia in patients with end-stage renal disease
incident to dialysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official
publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association -
European Renal Association 2021; 36: 1717-30.
28. Hou YP, Mao XY, Wang C, Xu ZH, Bu ZH, Xu M, Li B. Roxadustat
treatment for anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: A randomized
controlled trial. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan
yi zhi 2022; 121: 529-38.
29. Csiky B, Schömig M, Esposito C, Barratt J, Reusch M, Valluri U,
Sulowicz W. Roxadustat for the Maintenance Treatment of Anemia in
Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Stable Dialysis: A European
Phase 3, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled Study (PYRENEES).
Advances in therapy 2021; 38: 5361-80.
30. Charytan C, Manllo-Karim R, Martin ER, Steer D, Bernardo M, Dua SL,
Moustafa MA, Saha G, Bradley C, Eyassu M, Leong R, Saikali KG, Liu C,
Szczech L, Yu KP. A Randomized Trial of Roxadustat in Anemia of Kidney
Failure: SIERRAS Study. Kidney international reports 2021; 6: 1829-39.
31. Singh AK, Carroll K, Perkovic V, Solomon S, Jha V, Johansen KL,
Lopes RD, Macdougall IC, Obrador GT, Waikar SS, Wanner C, Wheeler DC,
Więcek A, Blackorby A, Cizman B, Cobitz AR, Davies R, Dole J, Kler L,
Meadowcroft AM, Zhu X, McMurray JJV. Daprodustat for the Treatment of
Anemia in Patients Undergoing Dialysis. The New England journal of
medicine 2021; 385: 2325-35.
32. Meadowcroft AM, Cizman B, Holdstock L, Biswas N, Johnson BM, Jones
D, Nossuli AK, Lepore JJ, Aarup M, Cobitz AR. Daprodustat for anemia: a
24-week, open-label, randomized controlled trial in participants on
hemodialysis. Clinical kidney journal 2019; 12: 139-48.
33. Akizawa T, Nangaku M, Yonekawa T, Okuda N, Kawamatsu S, Onoue T,
Endo Y, Hara K, Cobitz AR. Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat Compared
with Darbepoetin Alfa in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients with Anemia: A
Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial. Clinical journal of the
American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2020; 15: 1155-65.
34. Singh AK, Cizman B, Carroll K, McMurray JJV, Perkovic V, Jha V,
Johansen KL, Lopes RD, Macdougall IC, Obrador GT, Waikar SS, Wanner C,
Wheeler DC, Wiecek A, Stankus N, Strutz F, Blackorby A, Cobitz AR,
Meadowcroft AM, Paul G, Ranganathan P, Sedani S, Solomon S. Efficacy and
Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease
in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
internal medicine 2022.
35. Coyne DW, Singh AK, Lopes RD, Bailey CK, DiMino TL, Huang C,
Connaire J, Rastogi A, Kim SG, Orias M, Shah S, Patel V, Cobitz AR,
Wanner C. Three Times Weekly Dosing of Daprodustat versus Conventional
Epoetin for Treatment of Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients: ASCEND-TD: A
Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial. Clinical journal
of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2022; 17: 1325-36.
36. Nangaku M, Kondo K, Ueta K, Kokado Y, Kaneko G, Matsuda H, Kawaguchi
Y, Komatsu Y. Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared with
darbepoetin alfa in Japanese anemic patients on hemodialysis: a Phase 3,
multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. Nephrology, dialysis,
transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and
Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2021; 36: 1731-41.
37. Macdougall IC, Akizawa T, Berns JS, Bernhardt T, Krueger T. Effects
of Molidustat in the Treatment of Anemia in CKD. Clinical journal of the
American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2019; 14: 28-39.
38. Akizawa T, Macdougall IC, Berns JS, Bernhardt T, Staedtler G,
Taguchi M, Iekushi K, Krueger T. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of
Molidustat for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: DIALOGUE Extension
Studies. American journal of nephrology 2019; 49: 271-80.
39. Akizawa T, Nangaku M, Yamaguchi T, Koretomo R, Maeda K, Miyazawa Y,
Hirakata H. A Phase 3 Study of Enarodustat (JTZ-951) in Japanese
Hemodialysis Patients for Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease:
SYMPHONY HD Study. Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; 7:
494-502.
40. Akizawa T, Yamada T, Nobori K, Matsuda Y, Hayashi Y, Hayasaki T,
Yamamoto H. Molidustat for Japanese Patients With Renal Anemia Receiving
Dialysis. Kidney international reports 2021; 6: 2604-16.
41. Gang S, Khetan P, Varade D, Chinta VR, Mavani S, Gupta U, Reddy SVK,
Rajanna S, Jeloka T, Ruhela V, Kansagra K, Kanani P, Bhatt J, Zala K.
Desidustat in Anemia due to Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: A
Phase 3 Study (DREAM-D). American journal of nephrology 2022; 53:
343-51.
42. Liu J, Zhang A, Hayden JC, Bhagavathula AS, Alshehhi F, Rinaldi G,
Kontogiannis V, Rahmani J. Roxadustat (FG-4592) treatment for anemia in
dialysis-dependent (DD) and not dialysis-dependent (NDD) chronic kidney
disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacological
research 2020; 155: 104747.
43. Flamme I, Oehme F, Ellinghaus P, Jeske M, Keldenich J, Thuss U.
Mimicking hypoxia to treat anemia: HIF-stabilizer BAY 85-3934
(Molidustat) stimulates erythropoietin production without hypertensive
effects. PLoS One 2014; 9: e111838.
44. Thavarajah S, Choi MJ. The Use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
in Patients With CKD and Cancer: A Clinical Approach. American journal
of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney
Foundation 2019; 74: 667-74.
45. Wang B, Yin Q, Han YC, Wu M, Li ZL, Tu Y, Zhou LT, Wei Q, Liu H,
Tang RN, Cao JY, Lv LL, Liu BC. Effect of hypoxia-inducible
factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors on anemia in patients with CKD: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including 2804 patients.
Renal failure 2020; 42: 912-25.
46. Wen T, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhou R. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl
Hydroxylase Inhibitors in Patients with Renal Anemia: A Meta-Analysis of
Randomized Trials. Nephron 2020; 144: 572-82.
47. Peyssonnaux C, Nizet V, Johnson RS. Role of the hypoxia inducible
factors HIF in iron metabolism. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex) 2008; 7:
28-32.
48. Haase VH. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in
the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Kidney international
supplements 2021; 11: 8-25.
49. Huang J, Zhao Q, Mooney SM, Lee FS. Sequence determinants in
hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha for hydroxylation by the prolyl
hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. The Journal of biological chemistry
2002; 277: 39792-800.
50. Arezes J, Foy N, McHugh K, Sawant A, Quinkert D, Terraube V, Brinth
A, Tam M, LaVallie ER, Taylor S, Armitage AE, Pasricha SR, Cunningham O,
Lambert M, Draper SJ, Jasuja R, Drakesmith H. Erythroferrone inhibits
the induction of hepcidin by BMP6. Blood 2018; 132: 1473-77.
51. Liu C, Fu Z, Jiang J, Chi K, Geng X, Mao Z, Song C, Sun G, Hong Q,
Cai G, Chen X, Sun X. Safety and Efficacy of Roxadustat for Anemia in
Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Trial
Sequential Analysis. Frontiers in medicine 2021; 8: 724456.
52. Zheng L, Tian J, Liu D, Zhao Y, Fang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Efficacy and
safety of roxadustat for anaemia in dialysis-dependent and
non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic
review and meta-analysis. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2022;
88: 919-32.
53. Feng N, Chen H, Fu S, Bian Z, Lin X, Yang L, Gao Y, Fang J, Ge Z.
HIF-1α and HIF-2α induced angiogenesis in gastrointestinal vascular
malformation and reversed by thalidomide. Scientific reports 2016; 6:
27280.
Table 1. Characteristics of the
included comparisons in trials.