Study characteristics and quality assessment
Characteristics of included research are depicted in Table 1. A total of 14,947 dialysis patients were included, with 7,787 participants in the HIF-PHIs groups and 7,160 in the ESAs groups. The network structures are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. The quality assessment of the included trials is displayed in Supplementary Figure S2-9. Most trials were discerned to be of acceptable quality and judged to have a low risk of bias or some concerns, with the exception of one trial with an overall high risk of bias due to randomization, deviations from intended intervention, and missing data[28], evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool[42].