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\begin{document}

\title{Deep enough to swim? Stream water depths that support endangered coho
salmon outmigration}



\author[1]{Brian Kastl}%
\author[2]{Mariska Obedzinski}%
\author[1]{Stephanie Carlson}%
\author[2]{Sarah Nossaman Pierce}%
\author[3]{Mia M. van Docto}%
\author[3]{Krysia W. Skorko}%
\author[1]{Keane Flynn}%
\author[1]{Weston M. Slaughter}%
\author[2]{Elizabeth Ruiz}%
\author[1]{Ted Grantham}%
\affil[1]{University of California Berkeley Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management}%
\affil[2]{California Sea Grant College Program}%
\affil[3]{Trout Unlimited}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Streamflow depletion is occurring globally, due to land use change,
climate change, and increasing human water demand. Ecological effects of
low flows are particularly significant for diadromous fish, which
require connected stream networks to migrate between fresh and marine
waters. In coastal California, USA, drying streams are known to limit
rearing habitat for juvenile salmon, but effects on their seaward
migration remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the
outmigration of endangered, juvenile coho salmon ( \emph{Oncorhynchus
kisutch}) during the late spring flow recession in four streams over 10
years. We monitored the outmigration of fish tagged with passive
integrated transponders via detections at stationary antennas, and we
measured stream water depths when movement was detected. We assessed
depths at multiple riffle crest thalwegs (RCTs), the shallowest
geomorphic feature that fish must navigate. Finally, we calculated
population-level outmigration depth preferences by evaluating depths
during fish movement, relative to depths available during the potential
outmigration window. Juvenile fish moved over a wide range of depths
(interquartile range 6.1--18.0 cm), which varied by year and stream.
Fish ceased to move at shallow water depths, which limited late-season
outmigration as stream drying occurred. Our findings suggest that
management actions to increase streamflow during the spring would
benefit salmon outmigration and could contribute to population recovery.
Streamflow-RCT depth relationships, used to assess coho depth
preferences during movement, is a relatively simple and effective method
for assessing environmental flow needs, a priority for aquatic
conservation in California and globally.%
\end{abstract}%



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