Study Population
The institutional review board of the medical faculty of the Technical
University of Dresden, Germany, approved this prospective observational
study. 150 adult patients were enrolled between January 2019 and April
2020 after written informed consent. All patients had preoperative sinus
rhythm and preserved LV and RV function. We excluded patients with
contraindications to TEE, redo cardiac surgery, more than mild valvular
heart disease, pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure
>25 mmHg), or insufficient quality of echocardiographic
assessment preventing the analysis of three-dimensional data sets.