Study Population
The institutional review board of the medical faculty of the Technical University of Dresden, Germany, approved this prospective observational study. 150 adult patients were enrolled between January 2019 and April 2020 after written informed consent. All patients had preoperative sinus rhythm and preserved LV and RV function. We excluded patients with contraindications to TEE, redo cardiac surgery, more than mild valvular heart disease, pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mmHg), or insufficient quality of echocardiographic assessment preventing the analysis of three-dimensional data sets.