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\begin{document}

\title{On the role of sodium and copper off-stoichiometry in Cu(In,Ga)S 2 for
photovoltaic applications: Insights from the Investigation of more than
500 samples}



\author[1]{Léo Choubrac}%
\author[1]{Eugene Bertin}%
\author[1]{Fabien Pineau}%
\author[1]{Ludovic ARZEL}%
\author[1]{Thomas LEPETIT}%
\author[1]{Lionel Assmann}%
\author[1]{Thamer Aloui}%
\author[1]{Sylvie Harel}%
\author[1]{Nicolas Barreau}%
\affil[1]{Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The present article discusses the investigation of CuIn
\textsubscript{1-x}Ga \textsubscript{x}S \textsubscript{2} (CIGS) thin
films for photovoltaic applications. For decades, a Cu-rich composition
has been used to create solar cells with efficiencies of up to 13.5\%;
however, interest in chalcopyrite sulfide has recently been revived due
to its high and adjustable bandgap, making it a serious candidate as a
top cell in tandem configurations. Although chalcopyrite selenides share
many properties with CIGS thin films, crucial differences have been
reported. To further understand these materials, we studied more than
500 samples of absorbers and resulting solar cells. First, we found that
the compositional window for obtaining single-phase CIGS thin films with
a 3-stage co-evaporation process is very narrow. Second, we reported
that a combination of low copper content and sodium addition during
growth is required to maximize the Photoluminescence intensity (
\emph{i.e.} to minimize the absorber-related open-circuit voltage
losses). Finally, we showed that solar cell performance and stability
depend not only on absorber quality but also on phenomena at interfaces
(absorber/buffer and grain boundaries). Altogether, we formulate growth
recommendations for the manufacture of stable CIGS/CdS solar cells with
state-of-the-art efficiency.%
\end{abstract}%



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