The microbiome of Ips typographus throughout its life
cycle
Bacterial and fungal communities significantly change throughout the
life cycle of I. typographus (p=0.001). We found significant
differences between the individual beetle’s developmental stages;
however only part of them was kept between seasons. In both seasons, the
fungal microbiome of parental adults significantly differs from pupal
samples (p<0.04 in Bray-Curtis permanova test) and pupal
samples differ from teneral adult samples (p<0.02 in Jaccard
permanova test). Ancom analysis shows that in both seasons larval and
pupal samples differ from parental and teneral adults by higher
proportion of ASVs belonging to yeasts Kuraishia molischiana andNakazawaea ambrosiae and almost absence of filamentous fungiOphiostoma brunneolum and Morchella importuna . Pupae and
parental adults differ from larvae and teneral adults by lower abundance
of ASV belonging to yeast Wickerhamomyces bisporus . In the summer
season, yeast Saccharomycopsis lassenensis and ASV belonging to
closely undefined family Enterobacteriaceae was found to be specific for
parental adult samples. We are limited by a low number of parental adult
samples in the spring season; however, our data suggest similar
findings. In the summer season, we also analyzed the microbial community
of intact and infested phloem. Intact phloem hosted much higher
microbial diversity than infested phloem (Supplementary Figure 2 and 3),
which was largely dominated by Ophiostoma bicolor , a filamentous
fungus that is known to be vectored by I. typographus , and
bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas . All taxa of
the gut microbiome, except of E. polonica and O. bicolorwere presented also in uninfested phloem.