Figure to Tables and Legends
Table 1. A number of assigned ASVs to a particular sample with respect to season.
Fig. 1 Work flow of the present study. Parental adults, larvae, pupae and teneral adults were sampled in two seasons (spring and summer). Intestinal microbiome of individuals was analyzed using a combination of several approaches (classical cultivation, DNA and RNA metabarcoding and TEM). Core microbiome in respect to developmental stage and season was assessed based on species abundances. Figure adapted from Six (2011).
Fig. 2. Proportions of the dominant fungal and bacterial genera change with season, higher taxonomic ranks are similar. Dominance of Saccharomycetes followed by Sordariomycetes in the fungal microbiome assessed by cultivation technique (only summer season) and DNA metabarcode in the spring season (left column) and the summer season (right column). Dominance of Gammaproteobacteria and order Enterabacteriales in bacterial microbiome assessed by DNA metabarcode in the spring season (lift column) and the summer season (column). *Multiple species were found to have the same similarity based on blastn search. We chose P. spadix (99.33% of similarity) and E. billingiae (99.66% of similarity) based on our data from cultivation techniques (see Peral-Aranega et al., in press).
Fig. 3. Gut microbiome is strongly affected by season. A – heatmap representing 15 most abundant bacterial and fungal species. B – NMDS analysis of bacterial microbiome in respect to season. C – NMDS analysis of fungal microbiome in respect to season. Seasonality has a strong effect on bacterial and fungal species distribution (p < 0.001, Bray-Curtis Permanova, number of permutations 999).*Multiple species were found to have the same similarity based on blastn search. We choseP. spadix (99.33% of similarity) and E. billingiae(99.66% of similarity) based on our data from cultivation techniques (see Peral-Aranega et al., in press).
Fig. 4. RNA metabarcode analysis revealed similar dominant taxa as DNA metabarcode analysis. Bacterial core microbiome assessed by A – RNA metabarcode, B – DNA metabarcode. Fungal core microbiome assessed by C – RNA metabarcode, B – DNA metabarcode. *,**Multiple species were found to have the same similarity based on blastn search. We chose P. spadix (99.33% of similarity) and E. billingiae (99.66% of similarity) based on our data from cultivation techniques (see Peral-Aranega et al., in press).
Fig. 5. TEM photograph of Ips typographus gut. A – foregut, B – microvilli epithelium of midgut. Examples of bacterial cells are highlighted with red arrows, C -microvilli epithelium of hindgut, D - hindgut detail, Examples of bacterial cells are highlighted with red arrows. Scale bar = 2 µm.