Conclusion
The main findings were as follows: grazing had an effect on seasonal differences of vegetation diversity in arid areas; under higher grazing pressure, vegetation was more sensitive to the difference of precipitation in rainy season. Under low grazing pressure, the vegetation was more stable in response to precipitation changes in the rainy season. Precipitation in rainy season is a more important climatic factor affecting vegetation diversity in arid and semi-arid regions. Vegetation is more sensitive and vulnerable to grazing disturbance under warm-dry climate model. The stability (or resilience) of vegetation in response to grazing disturbances is higher in cold and wet climate patterns. This study explored the mechanism of the dual effects of grazing and climate factors on vegetation diversity from the perspective of plant community stability, which provided some new insights for the study of vegetation change in arid and semi-arid areas, and also provided valuable evidence for the study of plant community stability. It is important to note that these differences can also be caused by other geographical factors, such as topography, seed banks, and chance events. Therefore, more field investigation and research are needed for verification.