Case Report
A 5-month-old male infant presented with a 3-month history of a
progressively worsening scaly eruption associated with recurrent
infections, increasing lethargy, poor feeding, and hoarse cry. He
had been treated for suspected impetigo with multiple oral antibiotics
(amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, and co-trimoxazole). He was born at term,
was exclusively breastfed, and had no family history of skin disease. A
dramatic periorofacial, diaper-area, and acral dermatitis was noted (Fig
1) with loss of occipital hair and thinning of eyelashes. Serum alkaline
phosphatase was 41U/L (normal range 82-383U/L) and zinc levels were
undetectable at <3µmol/L (normal range 10-25µmol/L). Maternal
breastmilk zinc levels were low (3.15µmol/L, control mean 12.7µmol/L),
and maternal serum zinc was normal. A rapid improvement was noted within
days of starting 3mg/kg/day zinc sulfate supplementation (Fig 2). Zinc
supplementation was stopped after 3 months, with normal follow-up zinc
levels on cessation, following weaning.
Maternal genetic testing for pathogenic variants in SLC30A2 , a
zinc transporter in mammary tissue, detected a variant
c.927G>C, resulting in the substitution of tryptophan for
cysteine at amino acid position 309. This variant has an allele
frequency of <0.01% and in silico tools predict that
it is pathogenic. The infant’s mother had been prescribed omeprazole
20mg once daily from 30 weeks’ gestation to birth to treat
gastro-esophageal reflux (GER). In her previous pregnancy there was no
proton pump inhibitor (PPI) ingestion, and no manifestation of zinc
deficiency in the older sibling, who had also been exclusively
breastfed.
Infantile zinc deficiency is a rare condition presenting within the
first six months with periorificial and acral polymorphic and/or erosive
crusted plaques. While acrodermatitis enteropathica involves recessive
loss-of-function pathogenic variants in SLC39A4 , acquired
transient infantile zinc deficiency (TIZD) can be due to prematurity,
low breastmilk zinc levels or malnutrition, or malabsorptive processes
such as cystic fibrosis. 1 It is usually rare in
breastfed infants due to enhanced bioavailability of zinc.2 SLC30A2 encodes zinc transporter ZnT2, which
is responsible for zinc secretion from vesicles in lactating epithelial
mammary gland cells. 3 Homodimer formation between the
mutant and wild type causes dysfunction and zinc sequestration in
lysosomes of mammary tissue, leading to lower levels in breastmilk.3 The mutation in this case has never been previously
reported to cause TIZD. 4 PPI are known to decrease
intestinal zinc absorption by increasing intra-luminal pH,5 as are other medications such as phytates,
penicillamine, diuretics, and sodium valproate. 1However little is known regarding the effect of these drugs on
transplacental or transmammary zinc transmission. Infants may be at
increased risk for zinc deficiency and related complications due to
increased requirements for zinc in growth and development.5
In this case, the affected infant’s older sibling had no similar
presentation during prolonged exclusive breastfeeding, and the mother
had only taken omeprazole for the third trimester of this pregnancy, the
critical phase of transplacental zinc transfer in utero .6 We hypothesise that antenatal PPI ingestion, in the
context of a maternal SLC30A2 mutation, reduced zinc levels below
a threshold that resulted in manifestations of TIZD in this infant. The
TIZD in this case also raises concerns about potential nutritional
complications of PPI use in infants with physiologic GER.5
To our knowledge, this is the first report of this SLC30A2mutation associated with TIZD in a breastfed infant, which may have been
exacerbated by maternal PPI use during pregnancy, potentially due to
diminished transplacental and/or transmammary zinc transmission.