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\begin{document}

\title{Land-Locked Convection as a Barrier to MJO Propagation across the
Maritime Continent}



\author[1]{Ajda Savarin}%
\author[1]{Shuyi S Chen}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Large-scale convection associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation
(MJO) initiates over the Indian Ocean and propagates eastward across the
Maritime Continent (MC). Over the MC, MJO events are generally weakened
due to complex interactions between the large-scale MJO and the MC
landmass. The MC barrier effect is responsible for the dissipation of
40-50\textbackslash{}\% of observed MJO events and is often exaggerated
in weather and climate models. We examine how MJO propagation over the
MC is affected by two aspects of the MC - its land-sea contrast and its
terrain. To isolate the effects of mountains and land-sea contrast on
MJO propagation, we conduct three high-resolution coupled
atmosphere-ocean model experiments: 1) control simulation (CTRL) of the
2011 November-December MJO event, 2) flattened terrain without MC
mountains (FLAT), and 3) no-land simulation (WATER) in which the MC
islands are replaced with 50 m deep ocean. CTRL captures the general
properties of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and MJO propagation
across the MC. The WATER simulation produces a more intense and
smoother-propagating MJO compared with that of CTRL. In contrast, the
FLAT simulation produces much more convection and precipitation over
land (without mountains) than CTRL, which results in a stronger barrier
effect on MJO propagation. The land-sea contrast induced land-locked
convection weakens the MJO's convective organization. The land-locked
convective systems over land in FLAT are more intense, grow larger, and
last longer, which is more detrimental to MJO propagation over the MC,
than the mountains that are present in CTRL.%
\end{abstract}%



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