\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Stochastic in Space and Time: Part 1, Characterizing Orographic
Gradients in Mean Runoff and Daily Runoff Variability}



\author[1]{Adam Matthew Forte}%
\author[2]{Matthew W. Rossi}%
\affil[1]{Louisiana State University}%
\affil[2]{University of Colorado Boulder}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Mountain topography alters the phase, amount, and spatial distribution
of precipitation. Past efforts focused on how orographic precipitation
can alter spatial patterns in mean runoff , with less emphasis on how
time-varying runoff statistics may also vary with topography. Given the
importance of the magnitude and frequency of runoff events to fluvial
erosion, we evaluate whether orographic patterns in mean runoff and
daily runoff variability can be constrained using the global WaterGAP3
water model data. Model runoff data is validated against observational
data in the contiguous United States, showing agreement with mean runoff
in all settings and daily runoff variability in settings where
rainfall-runoff predominates. In snowmelt-influenced settings, runoff
variability is overestimated by the water model data. Cognizant of these
limitations, we use the water model data to develop relationships
between mean runoff and daily runoff variability and how these are
mediated by snowmelt fraction in mountain topography globally. A global
analysis of topographic controls on hydro-climatic variables using a
Random Forest Model were ambiguous. Instead, relationships between
topography and runoff parameters are better assessed at mountain range
scale. Rulesets linking topography to mean runoff and snowmelt fraction
are developed for three mid-latitude mountain landscapes---British
Columbia, European Alps, and Greater Caucasus. Increasing topographic
elevation and relief together leads to higher mean runoff and lower
runoff variability due to the increasing contribution of snowmelt. The
three sets of empirical relationships developed here serve as the basis
for a suite of numerical experiments in our companion manuscript (Part
2).%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

