\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Land Reclamation Controls on Multi-Centennial Estuarine Evolution}



\author[1]{Reinier Schrijvershof}%
\author[2]{Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren}%
\author[3]{Mick van der Wegen}%
\author[4]{A.J.F. (Ton) Hoitink}%
\affil[1]{Wageningen University and Research}%
\affil[2]{East China Normal University}%
\affil[3]{IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands}%
\affil[4]{Wageningen University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 29, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Land reclamations influence the morphodynamic evolution of estuaries and
tidal basins, because altered planform changes tidal dynamics and
associated residual sediment transport. The morphodynamic response time
to land reclamation is long, impacting the system for decades to
centuries. Other human interventions (e.g., deepening of fairways or
port construction) add a morphodynamic adaptation timescale to a system
that may still adapt as the result of land reclamations. Our
understanding of the cumulative effects of anthropogenic interference
with estuaries is limited, because observations usually do not cover the
complete morphological adaptation period. We aim to assess the impact of
land reclamation works and other human interventions on an estuarine
system by means of digital reconstructions of historical morphologies of
the Ems Estuary over the past 500 years. Our analysis demonstrates that
the intertidal-subtidal area ratio altered due to land reclamation works
and that the ratio partly restored after land reclamation ended. The
land reclamation works have led to the degeneration of an ebb- and flood
channel system, transitioning the estuary from a multichannel to a
single-channel system. We infer that the 20th-century intensification of
channel dredging and re-alignment works accelerated rather than cause
this development. The centennial-scale observations suggest that
estuarine systems responding to land reclamations follow the
evolutionary trajectory predicted by tidal asymmetry-based stability
theory as they move towards a new equilibrium configuration with
modified tidal flats and channels. Existing estuarine equilibrium
theory, however, fails in linking multichannel stability to the loss of
intertidal area, emphasizing the need for additional research.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig01-LandReclamationDEMmap-v2/fig01-LandReclamationDEMmap-v2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig02-LandReclamationCumulativeArea/fig02-LandReclamationCumulativeArea}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig03-historicalEvolution-1580-1720-1833-1953-1985-2020/fig03-historicalEvolution-1580-1720-1833-1953-1985-2020}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig04-changeTidalZones/fig04-changeTidalZones}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig05-subTidal-Area-Waterdepth-Volume/fig05-subTidal-Area-Waterdepth-Volume}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig06-channel-W-Zb-V-BvW-OFG-A/fig06-channel-W-Zb-V-BvW-OFG-A}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fig07-EmsPathStability/fig07-EmsPathStability}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figS01-palaeoEms-v1/figS01-palaeoEms-v1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figS03-timelineAnthro/figS03-timelineAnthro}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figS02-Teysinga1735-light/figS02-Teysinga1735-light}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figS04-mapsTidalZones/figS04-mapsTidalZones}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figS05-subTidalBathymetries/figS05-subTidalBathymetries}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

