Dear Editor,
The COVID-19 infection can be diagnosed from a variety of upper and
lower respiratory sources including the oropharynx (OP), nasopharynx
(NP), sputum, and bronchial fluid [1-3]. In general the most
sensitive detection of COVID-19 is obtained by the collecting and
testing of both upper and lower respiratory samples [4].
However, bronchoscopy is a highly technical procedure requiring advanced
diagnostic tools as well as well-trained staff which are not always
available. Furthermore the collection of sputum and particularly BAL via
bronchoscopy increases the biosafety risk to healthcare workers through
the creation of aerosol droplets.
Upper respiratory specimens such as OP and NP swabs are easy to collect
especially in limited resource settings. They should be collected within
the first few days from the onset of symptoms since RNA positive rates
peak in upper respiratory tract specimens at 7–10 days after symptom
onset and then they steadily decline [5].
In China during the COVID-19 outbreak, Wang et al reported that
oropharyngeal (OP) swabs (n = 398) were used much more frequently than
NP swabs (n = 8). However, the COVID-19 RNA was detected only in 32% of
OP swabs, compared to NP swabs (63%)[4].
It appears to be extremely important to properly collect nasopharyngeal
swabs reaching the posterior rhinopharyngeal tonsil region. This implies
the presence of a regular nasal cavity floor. Some anatomical variants,
such as nasal septum deviation, can prevent reaching of the nasopharynx
and therefore to collect a proper sample. Numerous studies of nasal
septal deviation have revealed a wide range of prevalence [6,7]. In
1978, Gray reported a prevalence of 48% to 60% in neonates [6].1
In adults, a recent international study found a prevalence of
approximately 90% [7]. Sooknundun et al. reported a clinically
relevant septal deviation prevalence of 15% to 25% [8].
Current national and international guidelines do not include any special
recommendations in the execution of the rhinopharyngeal swab in patients
with documented nasal pathology or in patients in which a bilateral
nasal fossa obstacle is encountered. We believe that in these selected
cases the ENT support should be mandatory in order to obtain a
representative sample. Furthermore the use of endoscopes could be very
useful in the direct visualization of obstacles and to guide safely the
swab toward the rhinopharynx. This would possibly also reduce the false
negative rate which is reported to be more than 30% [4].