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\begin{document}

\title{Seasonal Variations, Origin and Parameterization of Ice-Nucleating
Particles at a Mountain Station in Central France}



\author[1]{Yannick Bras}%
\author[2]{Evelyn Freney}%
\author[1]{Laetitia Bouvier}%
\author[1]{Jean-Marc Pichon}%
\author[1]{David Picard}%
\author[3]{Pierre Amato}%
\author[4]{María Cruz Minguillón}%
\author[5]{Karine Sellegri}%
\affil[1]{Université Clermont Auvergne}%
\affil[2]{Laboratoire de Meteorologie physiques UCA/CNRS}%
\affil[3]{University of Clermont-Ferrand}%
\affil[4]{Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC)}%
\affil[5]{Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Understanding how aerosol particles interact with atmospheric water is
critical to understanding their impact on climate and precipitations.
Ice Nuclei Particles (INP) trigger the formation of atmospheric ice
crystals at temperatures ranging from -5 \selectlanguage{ngerman}°C up to -30 °C. They are
challenging to characterize because of their scarceness in the
atmosphere and their variability, especially at temperatures warmer than
-20 Â°C. At these temperatures, the aerosol particles of biological
origin can contribute significantly to INP number concentration. This
study incorporates a series of offline, long-term, size-segregated
measurements of INPs, collected at the Puy de Dôme station (PUY, 1465 m
a.s.l.). PUY is an ideal place to study INPs concentrations as it is
advected by a variety of air masses, with about 20\% of them originating
in the free troposphere.\\
We measured concentrations of INPs between -5 and -18 \selectlanguage{ngerman}Â°C, with
concentrations of 0.001 INP/L\textsubscript{air} at the warmest
temperatures, and between 0.01 and 0.1 INP/L\textsubscript{air} at the
coldest temperatures. We observe that the majority of INP measured at
temperatures warmer than -15 °C are heat labile, in line with other
studies. We observe a higher contribution of heat labile INPs during the
winter and lower ratios in spring. The INP variability was statistically
compared with collocated aerosol characterization at the site. INPs were
mainly linked to local and marine tracers. We propose a new
parameterization using the total number of aerosols. This
parameterization is optimized for warmer temperature INPs. The
parameterization showed good performance when tested on independent data
sets%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/inspectra-picnic-wins/inspectra-picnic-wins}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/compar-param-lit/compar-param-lit}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/fit-logntot-intot/fit-logntot-intot}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/boxplots-in-daynightpdd/boxplots-in-daynightpdd}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/boxplots-param-daynightpdd/boxplots-param-daynightpdd}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

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