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\begin{document}

\title{PSVM: A global database for the Miocene indicating elevated paleosecular
variation relative to the last 10 Myrs.}



\author[1]{Yael Annemiek Engbers}%
\author[1]{Richard K. Bono}%
\author[1]{Andrew Biggin}%
\affil[1]{University of Liverpool}%


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  \date{May 05, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Statistical studies of paleosecular variation (PSV) are used to infer
the structure and behavior of the geomagnetic field. This study presents
a new database, PSVM, of high-quality directional data from the Miocene
era (5.3 -- 23 Ma), compiled from 1,454 sites from 44 different
localities. This database is used to model the latitude dependence of
paleosecular variation with varying selection criteria using a quadratic
form after Model G. Our fitted model parameter for latitude-invariant
PSV (Model G a) is 15.7\selectlanguage{ngerman}° and the latitude dependent PSV term (Model G b)
is 0.23. The latitude invariant term is substantially higher than
previously observed for the past 10 Myrs or any other studied era. We
also present a new stochastic model of the time-average field, BB-M22,
using a covariant giant Gaussian process (GGP) which is constrained
using data from PSVM and Earth-like geodynamo numerical simulations.
BB-M22 improves the fit to PSVM data relative to prior GGP models, as it
reproduces the higher VGP dispersion observed during the Miocene. Our
findings suggest a more variable magnetic field and more active
geodynamo in the Miocene era than the past 10 Myrs, perhaps linked to
stronger driving by elevated core-mantle heat flow. Although our results
support that the average axial dipole dominance of the
time-instantaneous field was lower than in more recent times, we note
that based on inclination anomaly estimates cannot rule out that the
Miocene time averaged field resembles a geocentric axial dipole.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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