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\begin{document}

\title{Connectivity Patterns of Coastal and Neritic Fish Larvae in Deep Waters
in the Western Gulf of Mexico: How Ichthyoplankton Surveys Can Be
Helpful to Evaluate the Reliability of the Velocity Fields Provided by
the Circulation Models?}



\author[1]{Jesus C. Compaire}%
\author[2]{Sylvia Jimenez Rosenberg}%
\author[1]{Javier Rodriguez Outerelo}%
\author[3]{Laura del Pilar Echeverri-García}%
\author[1]{Paula Perez-Brunius}%
\author[3]{Sharon Z. Herzka}%
\affil[1]{CICESE}%
\affil[2]{Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas}%
\affil[3]{Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada}%


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  \date{June 05, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Biological connectivity studies are crucial for explaining the structure
of marine populations of species with a pelagic larval stage. Numerical
modelling is a powerful tool for evaluating marine dispersal pathways of
planktonic organisms. The high-resolution numerical circulation model
HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) has been used to examine fish
connectivity patterns in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), but without
biological validation. We examined the connectivity of fish larvae
caught in the northwestern GoM by coupling ichthyoplankton surveys with
numerical modelling and particle backtracking experiments. Fish larvae
were collected with 200 m oblique bongo tows along two parallel
transects extending from the edge of the shelf to deep waters of the
Perdido region in the northwestern GoM (24\selectlanguage{ngerman}°N to 26°N and 94.5°W to 97°W)
during four cruises (June and October 2016, April and November 2017).
Larvae of coastal and shelf-spawning species were used to infer offshore
transport. In order to explore their dispersal pathways, the real-time
HYCOM 1/25° model hourly output with the Navy Coupled Ocean Data
Assimilation (NCODA) was used to simulate Lagrangian trajectories for
each cruise and transect. Particles were seeded at sampling stations and
the circulation model was run backward in time to infer larval origin.
Patterns of spatial distribution and abundance of the coastal and shelf
larvae caught in oceanic stations among cruises exhibited a reasonable
agreement with the results of modelling exercises, and indicate the
shelves of Tamaulipas and Texas were the main source of larvae to
Perdido's deepwater region. Our results suggest the combined use of
ichthyoplankton surveys and ocean circulation models can yield insight
into the dispersal pathways of larvae of neritic fish species to deep
waters regions in the GoM. Likewise, these results imply that fish
larval distributions are a useful tool for evaluating the reliability of
using 2-D velocity fields from circulation models to infer larval
transport at time scales of several weeks.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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