\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Comparing three approaches to the inducing source setting for the ground
electromagnetic field modeling due to space weather events}



\author[1]{Elena Marshalko}%
\author[1]{Mikhail Kruglyakov}%
\author[2]{Alexey Kuvshinov}%
\author[3]{Liisa Juusola}%
\author[4]{Norah Kaggwa Kwagala}%
\author[5]{Elena Sokolova}%
\author[6]{Vyacheslav A. Pilipenko}%
\affil[1]{Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich}%
\affil[2]{Institute of Geophysics}%
\affil[3]{Finnish Meteorological Institute}%
\affil[4]{University of Bergen}%
\affil[5]{Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth}%
\affil[6]{Space Research Institute}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Ground-based technological systems, such as power grids, can be affected
by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms and
magnetospheric substorms. This motivates the necessity to numerically
simulate and, ultimately, forecast GIC. The prerequisite for the GIC
modeling in the region of interest is the simulation of the ground
geoelectric field (GEF) in the same region. The modeling of the GEF in
its turn requires spatio-temporal specification of the source which
generates the GEF, as well as an adequate regional model of the Earth's
electrical conductivity. In this paper we compare results of the GEF
(and ground magnetic field) simulations using three different source
models. Two models represent the source as a laterally varying sheet
current flowing above the Earth. The first model is constructed using
the results of a physics-based 3-D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation
of near-Earth space, the second one uses ground-based magnetometers'
data and the Spherical Elementary Current Systems (SECS) method. The
third model is based on a ``plane wave'' approximation which assumes
that the source is locally laterally uniform. Fennoscandia is chosen as
a study region and the simulations are performed for the 7-8 September
2017 geomagnetic storm. We conclude that ground magnetic field
perturbations are reproduced more accurately using the source
constructed via the SECS method compared to the source obtained on the
basis of MHD simulation outputs. We also show that the difference
between the GEF modeled using laterally nonuniform source and plane wave
approximation is substantial in Fennoscandia.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

