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\begin{document}

\title{Subducting Carbon: Heterogeneity Rules}



\author[1]{Terry Plank}%
\author[2]{Alberto Malinverno}%
\author[3]{Craig Manning}%
\affil[1]{Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University}%
\affil[2]{Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University}%
\affil[3]{Univ California Los Angeles}%


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  \date{May 07, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The subduction of carbon and recycling to volcanoes affects planetary
scale processes that set the composition of Earth's surface and mantle
environments. The largest flux of surficial carbon that subducts at
trenches globally is sedimentary. This is paradoxical, as most carbonate
dissolves and organic carbon oxidizes in the ocean before reaching the
deep seafloor. Nonetheless, different events conspire to deliver
variable fluxes of carbon, some of them large, to different trench
sectors. Thus, sedimentary carbon subduction is not a global phenomenon
-- it is a regional one where heterogeneity rules. Here we have
calculated the flux and isotopic composition of both incoming sediment
and trench fill for organic and inorganic carbon at the world's
trenches. Our calculations are at the scale of kms along the trench, and
so make predictions relevant to individual volcanoes as well as entire
arc segments. A useful comparative metric is the carbon flux delivered
by altered oceanic crust (AOC), which is a less variable input of
largely inorganic carbon to all subduction zones. In some regions,
subducting sedimentary carbon is much less than in the AOC unit
subducts, for example, along the \textasciitilde{} 2000-km
Tonga-Kermadec trench. Given the very high convergence rate, this region
constitutes a large flux of carbonate with \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C
heavier than the mantle. At the other extreme, downgoing plates with
km-thick turbidites deliver terrestrial organic carbon with
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C lighter than the mantle. Trench segments that
subduct \textgreater{}4X AOC carbon in sediments include the Nicobar Fan
off Sumatra and the Aleutian and South Chile trenches. Regions with high
biological productivity (Central America) and shallow seafloor
(Hikurangi) supply large sedimentary carbonate fluxes with
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C heavier than mantle. In addition to enormous
isotopic heterogeneity (spanning from --25 to +1 per mil
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C), bulk sediments also span a wide range in
oxidation capacity, from carbonate to organic carbon. These highly
heterogeneous point- and regional-sources of carbon fluxes, isotopes and
oxidiation states provide natural laboratories to study recycling
efficiencies at subduction zones and the creation of diamonds,
carbonated melts and other carbon heterogeneities in the mantle.%
\end{abstract}%



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