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\begin{document}

\title{Modeling of the Influence of Sea Ice Cycle and Langmuir Circulation on
the Upper Ocean Mixed Layer Depth and Freshwater Distribution at the
West Antarctic Peninsula}



\author[1]{Cristina Schultz}%
\author[1]{Scott C. Doney}%
\author[2]{Weifeng Gordon Zhang}%
\author[3]{Heather C Regan}%
\author[4]{Paul Holland}%
\author[4]{Michael Meredith}%
\author[5]{Sharon Stammerjohn}%
\affil[1]{University of Virginia}%
\affil[2]{Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution}%
\affil[3]{Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale}%
\affil[4]{British Antarctic Survey}%
\affil[5]{U. of Colorado, Boulder}%


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  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Southern Ocean is chronically under-sampled due to its remoteness,
harsh environment and sea-ice cover. Ocean circulation models yield
significant insight into key processes and to some extent obviate the
dearth of data, however they often underestimate surface mixed layer
depth (MLD), with consequences for water-column properties. In this
study, a coupled circulation and sea-ice model was implemented for the
region adjacent to the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), a climatically
sensitive region which has exhibited decadal trends toward higher
temperatures, a shorter sea-ice season and increasing glacial freshwater
input, overlain by strong interannual variability. Hindcast simulations
were conducted with different air-ice drag coefficients and
Langmuir-circulation parameterizations to determine the impact of these
factors on MLD. Including Langmuir circulation deepened the surface
mixed layer, with the deepening being more pronounced in the shelf and
slope regions. Optimal selection of an air-ice drag coefficient also
increased the modeled MLD by similar amounts, and had a larger impact in
improving the reliability of the simulated MLD interannual variability.
This study highlights the importance of sea ice volume and
redistribution to correctly reproduce the physics of the underlying
ocean, and the potential of appropriately parameterizing Langmuir
circulation to help correct for a bias towards shallow MLD in the
Southern Ocean. The model also reproduces observed freshwater patterns
in the WAP during late summer and suggests that areas of intense
summertime sea-ice melt can still show net annual freezing due to high
sea-ice formation during the winter.%
\end{abstract}%



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