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\begin{document}

\title{Integrating Arctic plant functional types in a land surface model using
above- and belowground field observations}



\author[1]{Benjamin N Sulman}%
\author[2]{Verity Gale Salmon}%
\author[3]{Colleen Marie Iversen}%
\author[4]{Amy L Breen}%
\author[1]{Fengming Yuan}%
\author[3]{Peter E. Thornton}%
\affil[1]{Oak Ridge National Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{Oak Ridge National Lab, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute}%
\affil[3]{Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE)}%
\affil[4]{University of Alaska Fairbanks}%


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  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Accurate simulations of high latitude ecosystems are critical for
confident Earth system model (ESM) projections of carbon cycle feedbacks
to global climate change. Land surface model components of ESMs,
including the E3SM Land Model (ELM), simulate vegetation growth and
ecosystem responses to changing climate and atmospheric CO2
concentrations by grouping heterogeneous vegetation into like sets of
plant functional types (PFTs). Such models often represent high-latitude
vegetation using only two PFTs (shrub and grass), thereby missing the
diversity of vegetation growth forms and functional traits in the
Arctic. Here, we use field observations of biomass and leaf traits
across a gradient of plant communities on the Seward Peninsula in
northwest Alaska to replace the original ELM configuration for the first
time with nine arctic-specific PFTs. The PFTs that are new to the model
include: 1) nonvascular mosses and lichens, 2) deciduous and evergreen
shrubs of various height classes, including an alder PFT, 3) graminoids,
and 4) forbs. Improvements relative to the original model configuration
included greater belowground biomass allocation, persistent fine roots
and rhizomes of nonwoody plants, and better representation of
variability in total plant biomass across sites with varying plant
communities and depth to bedrock. Simulations through 2100 using the
RCP8.5 climate scenario showed alder-dominated plant communities gaining
more biomass and lichen-dominated communities gaining less biomass
compared to default PFTs. Our results highlight how representing the
diversity of arctic vegetation and confronting models with measurements
from varied plant communities improves the representation of arctic
vegetation in terrestrial ecosystem models.%
\end{abstract}%



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