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\begin{document}

\title{Role of drainage timing on mitigating methane emissions from rice paddy
fields}



\author[1]{Salvatore Calabrese}%
\author[2]{Rodolfo Souza}%
\author[3]{Jun Yin}%
\affil[1]{Texas A\&M University}%
\affil[2]{Universidade de Sao Paulo}%
\affil[3]{Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Rice fields are important contributors to the global methane budget.
While rice production must increase to meet the demand from a growing
population, there is a need to mitigate methane emissions through the
employment of sustainable management strategies. A popular one consists
of a short drainage that shortens the period of time spent in anaerobic
conditions, but it is still unclear how drainage timing affects its
overall effectiveness. Here we introduce a mechanistic model of methane
emissions, coupled to the dynamics of redox potential and rice growth,
to analyze the effect of a single drainage and the timing of its
application on the temporal evolution of methane emissions. In
particular, we identify the drainage timing that maximizes the
mitigation efficiency of the drainage, defined as the reduction in
methane emission relative to the emissions in continuous flooding. We
also explore the role of organic amendment and show how it changes the
optimal drainage timing. Application of this framework to a set of
experiments demonstrates that emissions can be reduced by more than 60\%
if drainage is applied at optimal timing. The high efficiency and the
limited negative effects on rice yields and N0 emissions place this
water management among the most sustainable ones.%
\end{abstract}%



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