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\begin{document}

\title{Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air-Sea CO2 Flux
Estimates}



\author[1]{Yuanxu Dong}%
\author[1]{Dorothee C. E. Bakker}%
\author[2]{Thomas G Bell}%
\author[3]{Boyin Huang}%
\author[4]{Peter Landschützer}%
\author[1]{Peter S. Liss}%
\author[2]{Mingxi Yang}%
\affil[1]{University of East Anglia}%
\affil[2]{Plymouth Marine Laboratory}%
\affil[3]{NOAA/NCEI}%
\affil[4]{Max Planck Institute for Meteorology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 05, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The oceans are a major carbon sink. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a
crucial variable in the calculation of the air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2;)
flux from surface observations. Any bias in the SST or any upper ocean
vertical temperature gradient (e.g., the cool skin effect) potentially
generates a bias in the CO2 flux estimates. A recent study suggested a
substantial increase (\textasciitilde{}50\% or \textasciitilde{}0.9 Pg C
yr-1) in the global ocean CO2 uptake due to this temperature effect.
Here, we use a gold standard buoy SST dataset as the reference to assess
the accuracy of in-situ SST used for flux calculation. A physical model
is then used to estimate the cool skin effect, which varies with
latitude. The bias-corrected SST (assessed by buoy SST) coupled with the
physics-based cool skin correction increases the average ocean CO2
uptake by \textasciitilde{}35\% (0.6 Pg C yr-1) for 1982 to 2020, which
is significantly smaller than the previous correction. After these
temperature considerations, we estimate an average net ocean CO2 uptake
of 2.2 +- 0.4 Pg C yr-1 for 1994 to 2007 based on an ensemble of surface
observation-based flux estimates, in line with the independent interior
ocean carbon storage estimate corrected for the river induced natural
outgassing flux (2.1 +- 0.4 Pg C yr-1).%
\end{abstract}%



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