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\begin{document}

\title{FLUX AND STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION OF CO2 IN A MESIC PRAIRIE
HEADWATER STREAM}



\author[1]{Brock S Norwood}%
\author[2]{Randy Lee Stotler}%
\author[3]{Pamela L Sullivan}%
\author[2]{Andrea Brookfield}%
\author[1]{G. L. Macpherson}%
\affil[1]{University of Kansas}%
\affil[2]{University of Waterloo}%
\affil[3]{Oregon State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
This study quantifies small-scale carbon dioxide (CO\textsubscript{2})
efflux and estimates annual CO\textsubscript{2} emission from a
headwater stream at the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research Site
and Biological Station (Konza), in a terrain of horizontal, alternating
limestones and shales. We characterized the CO\textsubscript{2} efflux
and stable carbon isotopes (\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C-CO\textsubscript{2})
at point sources of groundwater discharge from small-scale karst
features, identified by temperature, and downstream of those point
sources, as well as in stream reaches without identifiable point
sources. CO\textsubscript{2} effluxes ranged from 2.2 to 214 g
CO\textsubscript{2} m\textsuperscript{-2} day\textsuperscript{-1} (mean
was 20.9\selectlanguage{ngerman}± 41.4 g CO\textsubscript{2} m\textsuperscript{-2}
day\textsuperscript{-1}). Downstream of point groundwater discharge
sources, CO\textsubscript{2} efflux decreased, over 2 meters, to 3\% to
40\% of the point-source flux, while
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C-CO\textsubscript{2} increased, ranging from -9.8
%0 to -23.2 %0 V-PDB (mean was -14.9 %0 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.2 \selectlanguage{english}%0 V-PDB). The
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C-CO\textsubscript{2} increase was not strictly
proportional to the CO\textsubscript{2} flux but related to the origin
of vadose-zone CO\textsubscript{2} (C3 versus C4 vegetation). Over the
study period, \textasciitilde{}7.0 metric tons of CO\textsubscript{2}
were emitted from the 1.1-km-long stream, comparable to other headwater
streams. The high spatial and temporal variability of
CO\textsubscript{2} efflux from this headwater stream informs those
doing similar measurements and those working on upscaling stream data,
that local variability should be assessed to make the best estimate of
the impact of headwater stream CO\textsubscript{2} efflux on the global
carbon cycle.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`supplemental information_norwood_et_al_2022_04_04.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/544631/articles/601772-flux-and-stable-isotope-fractionation-of-co2-in-a-mesic-prairie-headwater-stream}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10511088.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/544631/articles/601772-flux-and-stable-isotope-fractionation-of-co2-in-a-mesic-prairie-headwater-stream}

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