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\begin{document}

\title{Radiocarbon in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Implications for Changes in
Equatorial Undercurrent Velocity and Decadal Variability}



\author[1]{Lauren Kuntz}%
\author[2]{Daniel P. Schrag}%
\affil[1]{Gaiascope, Inc}%
\affil[2]{Harvard University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 04, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
A coral record of radiocarbon variability in seawater from the Galapagos
shows a step change in radiocarbon values across the 1976 climate shift,
associated with a similar rise in sea surface temperature during the
season of maximum upwelling. We present a simple model of water
transport and mixing in the equatorial Pacific that is used to simulate
radiocarbon variability to compare with the coral data. The results
indicate that the velocity of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is the
dominant mechanism responsible for the pattern of variability observed
in the coral record, suggesting that decadal variability in the EUC may
be an important component of decadal variability in Pacific and global
temperature.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Supporting Information for

\textbf{Radiocarbon in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Implications for
Changes in Equatorial Undercurrent Velocity and Decadal Variability}

Lauren B. Kuntz* and Daniel P Schrag\textsuperscript{1}

\textsuperscript{1}Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138

*Correspondence to: lkuntz2013@gmail.com

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figures S1 to S4\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Supplemental Figure 1} Model simulation of the seasonal cycle of
DIC and \selectlanguage{greek}Δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{14}C in the surface ocean of the eastern
equatorial Pacific using climatological wind stress and EUC velocities
derived from Nino3.4 temperatures.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Supplemental Figure 2} Evolution of maximum EUC velocities at
220E from the Nino3.4 empirical relationship (A), the SODA reanalysis
(B), and the ORAS reanalysis (C) from 1955 to 1990.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Supplemental Figure 3} Monthly maximum EUC velocities and
Nino3.4 temperatures from a control simulation of CESM. A linear fit is
shown as a black line, and calculated to be\(v_{\text{EUC}}=\frac{T_{Nino34}-31.01}{-0.037}\). The
correlation coefficient is -0.67.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Supplemental Figure 4} Sensitivity analyses of model simulations
were performed by holding all other inputs constant and varying only the
parameter of interest. The dark blue line is the model results with the
default parameters, observations are shown in gray, and the light blue
uncertainty bounds reflect the model results from varying DIC of the
deep ocean (1.7-2.7 mol/kg) (A), DIC of the EUC (2.0-2.1 mol/kg) (B),
pre-bomb radiocarbon levels in the deep ocean (-110%0 to -80%0) (C),
mixed-layer depth (15-50m) (D), and surface biological uptake
(8x10\textsuperscript{-5}molC/m\textsuperscript{3}/day-8x10\textsuperscript{-3}molC/m\textsuperscript{3}/day)
(E).

\selectlanguage{english}
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\end{document}

