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\begin{document}

\title{NUCLEATION OF FAST, INTERMEDIATE AND SLOW SLIP MODES ON THE SAME FAULT}



\author[1]{Kseniya G. Morozova}%
\author[1]{Vadim K. Markov}%
\author[1]{Dmitry V. Pavlov}%
\author[2]{Maxim F. Popov}%
\author[3]{Alexey A. Ostapchuk}%
\affil[1]{Sadovsky Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres of Russian Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Bauman Moscow State Technical University}%
\affil[3]{Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology}%


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  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The spectrum of slip modes on gouge-filled faults spans a continuum from
fast ruptures to slow slip events. The nucleation of a certain slip mode
is governed by the frictional heterogeneity of fault interface and the
rheological fault stiffness. There is a mounting evidence that a single
fault can host multiple slip modes. We present laboratory acoustic
emission (AE) experiments on a slider-model. The entire spectrum of
fault slip modes with a precise control of mechanical and AE parameters
was reproduced and the unity of underlying mechanisms of slip mode
nucleation was detected. A comprehensive analysis of AE activity allows
revealing coexistence of two distinct subpopulations of acoustic pulses
(APs) emitted during a seismic cycle and accompanying nucleation of
different fault slip modes. One of them manifests as APs with harsh
onsets. The second one exhibits a gradual amplitude rise and a
tremor-like waveform. The second AP subpopulation shows longer failure
duration and increased energy dissipation. During a seismic cycle, the
first AP subpopulation retains parameters of frequency-amplitude
distribution, while the second one exhibits a pronounced cyclic
recurrence of the b-value. The b-value of the second subpopulation
decreases before slip events and recovers after them. The detected
features of AE evolution are common for the entire spectrum of fault
slip modes.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`supplementary materials.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543147/articles/601172-nucleation-of-fast-intermediate-and-slow-slip-modes-on-the-same-fault}

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