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\begin{document}

\title{Strength evolution of ice plume deposit analogs of Enceladus and Europa}



\author[1,1]{Mathieu Choukroun}%
\author[2,2]{Jamie L Molaro}%
\author[1,1]{Robert Hodyss}%
\author[1,1]{Eloise Marteau}%
\author[1,1]{Paul G Backes}%
\author[3,3]{Elizabeth Megan Carey}%
\author[4,4]{Wassim Dhaouadi}%
\author[1,1]{Scott J Moreland}%
\author[5,5]{Erland Schulson}%
\affil[1]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{Planetary Science Institute}%
\affil[3]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}%
\affil[4]{ETH Zurich}%
\affil[5]{Thayer School of Engineering, Engineering Sciences Department, Director, Ice Research Laboratory, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755, USA}%


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  \date{May 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Enceladus and possibly Europa spew materials from their internal ocean
into their exosphere, some of which are deposited back onto the surface
of those Ocean Worlds. This setting provides a unique opportunity to
seek traces of past or extant life in ice plume deposits on their
surfaces. However, the design of lander missions and surface sampling
techniques, and the choice of sampling locations rely heavily on
strength expectations. Here we present an experimental investigation of
the evolution in strength of ice plume deposit analogs at several
temperatures, as well as a model that predicts first-order estimates of
the strength of evolved ice plume deposits under geologic timescales
relevant to Enceladus and Europa. These results suggest that plume
deposits remain weak and poorly consolidated on Enceladus, while they
may develop substantial strength (comparable to solid ice) within
\textless{} 100 My on Europa.%
\end{abstract}%



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