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\begin{document}

\title{3D coseismic surface displacements from historical aerial photographs of
the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand}



\author[1]{Jaime Elizabeth Delano}%
\author[1]{Timothy Stahl}%
\author[2]{Andrew Howell}%
\author[3]{Kate Clark}%
\affil[1]{Univeristy of Canterbury}%
\affil[2]{University of Canterbury}%
\affil[3]{GNS Science}%


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  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Earthquake surface deformation provides key constraints on the geometry,
kinematics, displacements, and complexity of fault rupture. However,
deriving these precise characteristics from past earthquakes is
complicated by a lack of detailed knowledge of landforms before the
earthquake and how the landform has since been modified. The 1987
M\textsubscript{w} 6.6 Edgecumbe earthquake in the northern Taup\selectlanguage{polish}ō
\selectlanguage{english}volcanic zone in New Zealand represents a moderate-magnitude earthquake
with complicated surface rupture that occurred before widespread
high-resolution topographic data were available. We use historical
aerial photos to build pre- and post-earthquake digital surface models
using structure-from-motion techniques. By differencing the two surface
models, we more definitively measure discrete and distributed
deformation from this earthquake and compare the effectiveness of the
technique to traditional field- and lidar-based studies. We identified
most fault traces recognized by field mapping in 1987, mapped new traces
not recorded in the field, and take denser, detailed remote slip
measurements with a vertical separation resolution of
\textasciitilde{}0.3 m. Our maximum and average vertical separation
measurements on the Edgecumbe fault trace (2.5 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.3 m and 1.2 m,
respectively), are similar to field-based maximum and recalculated
averages of 2.4 m and 1.1 m, respectively. Importantly, this technique
is able to discern between new fault scarps and pre-existing fault
scarps better than field techniques or lidar-based measurements alone.
Results from this approach can be used to refine estimated subsurface
fault geometries and slip distributions at depth, and here is used to
investigate potential magmatic-tectonic stress trigging in the northern
Taup\selectlanguage{polish}ō \selectlanguage{english}volcanic zone.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`delano et al edgecumbe supp_file.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/541535/articles/600653-3d-coseismic-surface-displacements-from-historical-aerial-photographs-of-the-1987-edgecumbe-earthquake-new-zealand}

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