Figure 6. Comparison of the bGDGTs-based MAAT record (this
study) with records of ice-volume equivalent sea-level and external
climate forcings. (a ) Greenland δ18O ice core
(GRIP) record (Vinther et al., 2006); (b ) bGDGTs-based MAAT
record from Huguangyan Maar Lake (this study; The data for 10–20 kyr BP
is from Chu et al., 2017); (c ) Global ice volume record
(relative sea level) from Grant
et al. (2012); (d ) Ice-volume equivalent sea-level record
(Lambeck et al., 2014); (e ) Dome C, antarctica, ice core
CO2 record (Bereiter et al., 2015); (f ) WAIS
Divide CH4 concentration (Fudge et al., 2013);
(g ) Sulfate record of volcanic forcing from a Greenland ice
core (Kobashi et al., 2017); (h ) Sulfate record from the Dome C
ice core, Antarctica (Castellano et al., 2004).
The most striking cooling events evident in the brGDGTs-based MAAT
record are linked with the abrupt weakening of the tropical summer
monsoon (see Supplementary Figure S3). For example, the high-resolution
δ18O record from Klang Cave in the Thai-Malay
Peninsula (Chawchai et al., 2021) shows a large increase of 1.5 ‰ from
6.4 to 5.8 ka BP; and the δ13C27-35record of leaf wax lipids from the annually laminated sediments of
Myanmar Maar Lake Twintaung indicates abrupt failures of the tropical
monsoon at ~3.8 and ~5.8 ka BP (Chu et
al., 2020).
4 Conclusions
Our brGDGTs-based temperature record shows an increasing MAAT during the
last deglaciation and early Holocene and reached a maximum at
~6.6 kyr BP, followed by a decrease in middle and late
Holocene. It is noted that our temperature reconstruction is in good
agreement with instrumental temperature from 2010 CE to 1951 CE. We
contend that the last deglaciation and early Holocene temperature
variation is linked with the ice volume and/or ice sheet, while the
temperature variations during the middle and late Holocene could be
ascribed to several possible factors, such as oceanic and atmospheric
circulation, and external drivers in Huguangyan Lake region.
Author contributions
Funding acquisition: G. Q. Chu, Q. Sun
Investigation: G. Q. Chu, Z. Y. Zhu, Q. Z. Zhu
Methodology: Q. Li, M. M. Xie, N. Zhan ,Y. Ling
Writing-Original draft: Q. Li, G. Q. Chu, Q. Sun
Writing-reviewing & editing: Q. Li, G. Q.
Chu, Q. Sun, M. M. Xie
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant 42030507, 41877301), the National Key Research and Development
Program of China (Grant 2017YFA0603400) and the Strategic Priority
Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant
XDB26000000).
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