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\begin{document}

\title{Instabilities in the bottom boundary layer reduce boundary layer arrest,
allowing cross-isobath spread of downwave flows and ventilating the
boundary layer}



\author[1]{James M. Pringle}%
\affil[1]{University of New Hampshire}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
An along-isobath current in stratified waters leads to a bottom boundary
layer. In models with no alongshore variation, cross-isobath density
transport in this bottom boundary layer reduce the velocity in the
bottom boundary layer via thermal wind, and thus the bottom friction
experienced by the current above the boundary layer -- this is
bottom-boundary-layer arrest.

If, however, alongshore variation of the flow is allowed, the bottom
boundary layer is baroclinically unstable. We show with high resolution
numerical models that these instabilities reduce this arrest and allow
bottom friction to decelerate the flow above the bottom boundary layer
when the flow is in the Kelvin wave direction (so that the bottom Ekman
transport is downwelling). Both the arrest of the bottom boundary layer
and the release from this arrest are asymmetric; the friction
experienced by flows in the direction of Kelvin-wave propagation
(downwave) is much greater than flows in the opposite direction.

The strength of the near bottom currents, and thus the magnitude of
bottom friction, is found to be governed by the destruction of potential
vorticity near the bottom balanced by the offshore along-isopycnal
transport of this anomalous potential vorticity. A simple model of this
process is created and used to quantify the magnitude of this effect and
the resulting reduction of arrest of the bottom boundary layer. It is
shown that the instabilities allow along-isobath flows to spread across
isobaths and move boluses of weakly stratified bottom water into the
stratified interior.%
\end{abstract}%



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