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\begin{document}

\title{Water and carbon cycles are tightly coupled in loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda L.) plantations along the coastal plains of southeastern U.S.}



\author[1]{Maricar Aguilos}%
\affil[1]{North Carolina State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Forest water use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of gross primary
productivity (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET) is important variable to
understand the coupling between water and carbon cycles, and to assess
resource use, ecosystem resilience, and commodity production. Here, we
determined WUE for managed loblolly pine plantation forests over the
course of a rotation on the coastal plain of North Carolina in the
eastern U.S. We found that forest annual GPP, ET, and WUE increased
until age ten, which stabilized thereafter. WUE varied annually (2 -
44\%), being higher at young plantation (YP, 3.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.20 g C kg H2O d-1
) compared to a mature plantation (MP, 2.92 ± 0.45 g C kg H2O d-1 ),
with no distinct seasonal patterns. Stand age was strongly correlated
with ET (R2 = 0.71) and GPP (R2 = 0.64). ET and GPP were tightly coupled
(R2 = 0.86). Radiation and air temperature showed a significant effects
on GPP and ET (R2 = 0.71 -- R2 = 0.82) at a monthly scale, but not WUE.
Drought affected WUE (R2 = 0.35) more than ET (R2 = 0.25) or GPP (R2 =
0.07). A drought enhanced GPP in MP (i.e., 6\% -- 9 \%) and YP (i.e.,
20\% -- 53\%), but reduced ET (i.e., 8 -- 11 \%) and (i.e., 30 -- 43 \%)
in MP and YP respectively, conferring that drought resulted in higher
WUE by 8 -- 30\%. Minor seasonal and interannual variations in forest
WUE of MP (age \textgreater{}10) suggested that forest WUE became stable
as stands matured. Our study concluded that carbon and water cycles in
loblolly pine plantations were tightly coupled with different
characteristics in different ages and hydrologic regimes. WUE can be
used to quantify water (carbon) flux from carbon (water) flux under
varying environmental conditions. The tradeoffs between water and carbon
resources should be recognized in forest management to achieve multiple
ecosystem services (i.e., water supply and carbon sequestration).%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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