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\begin{document}

\title{Rising methane emissions from Finnish lakes due to climate warming and
increasing ice-free days}



\author[1]{Mingyang Guo}%
\author[1]{Qianlai Zhuang}%
\author[2]{Zeli Tan}%
\author[3]{Narasinha J.f Shurpali}%
\author[4]{Sari Juutinen}%
\author[5]{Pirkko Kortelainen}%
\author[3]{Pertti J Martikainen}%
\affil[1]{Purdue University}%
\affil[2]{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DOE)}%
\affil[3]{University of Eastern Finland}%
\affil[4]{University oh Helsinki}%
\affil[5]{Finnish Environment Institute}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Lakes account for about 10\% of the boreal landscape and are responsible
for approximately 30\% of biogenic methane emissions. However, its
quantification is still of large uncertainty under changing climate
conditions. Finland has the densest lake system in the world with most
lakes situated in the boreal zone. This study uses a large observational
dataset of lake methane concentrations to constrain its methane
emissions with an extant process-based lake biogeochemical model. We
found that the total current diffusive emission from Finnish lakes is
0.12\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.03 Tg CH yr and will increase by 26-59\% by the end of this
century. We discovered that while warming lake water and sediment
temperature played an important role, the climate impact on ice-on
periods was a key indicator to the degree of emission increase in the
future. We concluded that these boreal lakes remain as a significant
methane source under warming climate in this century.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\emph{{[}Geophysical Research Letter{]}}

Supporting Information for

\textbf{{[}Rising methane emissions from Finnish lakes due to climate
warming and increasing ice-free days{]}}

Mingyang Guo\textsuperscript{1}, Qianlai Zhuang\textsuperscript{1,2},
Zeli Tan\textsuperscript{3}, Narasinha Shurpali\textsuperscript{4}, Sari
Juutinen\textsuperscript{5}, Pirkko Kortelainen\textsuperscript{6},
Pertti J. Martikainen\textsuperscript{4}

\textsuperscript{1}Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.

\textsuperscript{2}Purdue Climate Change Research Center, West
Lafayette, IN, USA.

\textsuperscript{3}Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA,
USA.

\textsuperscript{4}University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.

\textsuperscript{5}University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

\textsuperscript{6}Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figures S1 to S3 Tables S1 to S3

\textbf{Introduction}

The water nutrient concentration map is interpolated using the
nearest-neighborhood approach at 1\selectlanguage{ngerman}°×1° resolution. Therefore, there are
data values over the ocean but will not be actually used in the
simulations.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

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\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S1.} Interpolated water nutrient concentrations.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S2.} CH4 flux maps (a)\textasciitilde{}(d) and percentage
difference between RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 in the 2090s (e).





\section*{Figure S3. Mean annual air
temperature.}

{\label{figure-s3.-mean-annual-air-temperature.}}

\textbf{Table S1.} Parameter definitions and value ranges.

\section*{}

{\label{section-1}}

\textbf{Table S2.} Mean annual full-profile water temperature.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
& & 2010s & 2090s & Increase (\%)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
RCP4.5 & North & 4.9 & 5.6 & 14.2\tabularnewline
& South & 6.8 & 7.7 & 12.9\tabularnewline
& All & 6.4 & 7.2 & 13.1\tabularnewline
RCP8.5 & North & 4.9 & 6.5 & 33.5\tabularnewline
& South & 6.8 & 8.8 & 28.5\tabularnewline
& All & 6.4 & 8.3 & 29.5\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table S3.} Annual ice-on days.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
& & 2010s & 2090s & Decrease (\%)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
RCP4.5 & North & 208.2 & 185.7 & 10.8\tabularnewline
& South & 171.6 & 149.0 & 13.2\tabularnewline
& All & 174.2 & 152.3 & 12.6\tabularnewline
RCP8.5 & North & 207.8 & 159.0 & 23.5\tabularnewline
& South & 164.1 & 108.2 & 34.1\tabularnewline
& All & 167.3 & 112.4 & 32.8\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\selectlanguage{english}
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