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\begin{document}

\title{Imaging and modelling the impact of multi-scale pore connectivity on
two-phase flow in mixed-w}



\author[1]{Shan Wang}%
\author[1]{Arjen Mascini}%
\author[2]{Leonardo C. Ruspini}%
\author[3]{Paal Eric Oren}%
\author[1]{Tom Bultreys}%
\affil[1]{Ghent University}%
\affil[2]{Petricore Norway AS}%
\affil[3]{Petricore Norway}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The wetting properties of pore walls have a strong effect on multiphase
flow through porous media. However, the fluid flow behaviour in porous
materials with both complex pore structures and non-uniform wettability
are still unclear. Here, we performed unsteady-state quasi-static oil-
and waterflooding experiments to study multiphase flow in two sister
heterogeneous sandstones with variable wettability conditions (i.e. one
natively water-wet and one chemically treated to be mixed-wet). The
pore-scale fluid distributions during this process were imaged by
laboratory-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). In the
mixed-wet case, we observed pore filling events where the fluid
interface appeared to be at quasi-equilibrium at every position along
the pore body (13\% by volume), in contrast to capillary instabilities
typically associated with slow drainage or imbibition. These events
corresponded to slow displacements previously observed in unsteady-state
experiments, explaining the wide range of displacement time scales in
mixed-wet samples. Our new data allowed us to quantify the fluid
saturations below the image resolution, indicating that slow events were
caused by the presence of microporosity and the wetting heterogeneity.
Finally, we investigated the sensitivity of the multi-phase flow
properties to the slow filling events using a state-of-the-art
multi-scale pore network model. This indicated that pores where such
events took place contributed up to 19\% of the sample's total absolute
permeability, but that the impact on the relative permeability may be
smaller. Our study sheds new light on poorly understood multiphase fluid
dynamics in complex rocks, of interest to e.g. groundwater remediation
and subsurface CO2 storage.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`952101_0_art_file_10533368_rmcggl.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/539115/articles/613611-imaging-and-modelling-the-impact-of-multi-scale-pore-connectivity-on-two-phase-flow-in-mixed-w}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`952101_0_supp_10533370_rm4ggl.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/539115/articles/613611-imaging-and-modelling-the-impact-of-multi-scale-pore-connectivity-on-two-phase-flow-in-mixed-w}

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