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Forecasting of Localized Geomagnetic Disturbances in Global Models: Physics and Numerics
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  • Elizabeth Vandegriff,
  • Daniel Welling,
  • Agnit Mukhopadhyay,
  • Andrew Dimmock,
  • Steven Morley
Elizabeth Vandegriff
University of Texas at Arlington

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Daniel Welling
University of Texas at Arlington
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Agnit Mukhopadhyay
University of Michigan Ann Arbor
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Andrew Dimmock
Aalto University
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Steven Morley
Los Alamos National Laboratory
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Abstract

One of the prominent effects of space weather is the variation of electric currents in the magnetosphere and ionosphere, which can cause localized, high amplitude Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMDs) that disrupt ground conducting systems. Because the source of localized GMDs is unresolved, we are prompted to model these effects, identify the physical drivers through examination of the model we use, and improve our prediction of these phenomena. We run a high-resolution configuration of the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) to model the September 7, 2017 event, combining three physical models: Block Adaptive Tree Solar wind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US), an ideal magnetohydrodynamic model of the magnetosphere; the Ridley Ionosphere Model (RIM), a shell ionosphere calculated by solving 2-D Ohm’s Law; and the Rice Convection Model (RCM), a kinetic drift model of the inner magnetosphere. The configuration mirrors that which is used in Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) operations; however, the higher grid resolution can reproduce mesoscale structure in the tail and ionosphere. We use two metrics to quantify the success of the model against observation. Regional Station Difference (RSD) is a metric that uses dB/dt or geoelectric field to pinpoint when a single magnetometer station records a significantly different value than others within a given radius, indicating a localized GMD. Regional Tail Difference (RTD) performs the same calculation using relevant variables in the magnetosphere at points that map down along field lines to the magnetometer station locations on the ground. We theorize two distinct causes of RSD, the first being small-scale structure in the tail and the second being station field lines mapping to spatially separated locations in the tail. We examine the differences between RSD spikes that we can reproduce in the model and those that we cannot. We categorize spikes by cause of localized GMDs to examine model capability for each theorized cause. We investigate the improvements in our model when we switch from empirical specification of ionosphere conductance to a physics-based one, MAGNetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (MAGNIT) Auroral Conductance Model. For small-scale effects we cannot reproduce, we explore the deficiencies in our model.