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\begin{document}

\title{Monolith Soil Core Sampling to Develop Nitrate Testing Protocol for
Manure Injection}



\author[1]{Robert Meinen}%
\author[1]{Douglas Beegle}%
\author[1]{Siddharth Vishwanath}%
\author[2]{Peter Kleinman}%
\author[2]{Louis Saporito}%
\author[1]{John Spargo}%
\author[1]{Heather Karsten}%
\affil[1]{Penn State University}%
\affil[2]{USDA-ARS}%


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  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Injecting manure and commercial fertilizer beneath the soil surface is
an important nutrient management practice that conserves
ammonia-nitrogen (N) but creates distinct bands of N below the soil
surface. To date, no widely accepted soil nitrate sampling protocol has
been developed to account for the extreme heterogeneity created by
injection. To develop sampling recommendations for Pre-Sidedress Nitrate
Test (PSNT), we quantified patterns of NO3--N concentrations in soil
from of corn (Zea mays L) plots injected with liquid dairy cattle (Bos
taurus L) manure at 76 cm spacing over two years. Soil monoliths were
collected to allow precise sampling of 30 cm deep by 2.5 cm soil cores
from which a mid-season PSNT was determined. Monte Carlo simulation was
conducted to simulate the effects of alternative soil sampling protocols
on bias and error. Results from the simulation support the following
equispaced sampling protocol: five, 30-cm deep soil cores are spaced 15
cm apart and oriented in a line perpendicular to the injected manure
bands, collected at four locations in the field, to produce a single
composite of 20 samples for NO3- analysis. It is not necessary to know
manure band location. As spatially discrete manure application patterns
become more prevalent with the expansion of manure injection, we believe
this PSNT sampling protocol balances risk of error with practical
concerns needed to promote adoption.%
\end{abstract}%



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