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\begin{document}

\title{The Role of an Excess Fluid Phase in Controlling Eruption Styles and
Ascent Rates in Basaltic Andesite Magmas}



\author[1]{Sri Budhi Utami}%
\author[2]{Fidel Costa Rodriguez}%
\author[3]{Joan Andújar}%
\author[4]{Bruno Scaillet}%
\author[1]{Jason Herrin}%
\author[5]{Hanik Humaida}%
\affil[1]{Nanyang Technological University}%
\affil[2]{Earth Observatory of Singapore}%
\affil[3]{ISTO Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans}%
\affil[4]{CNRS}%
\affil[5]{Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Effusive and explosive eruptions often occur from the same volcano, yet
the reasons behind such a wide ranging eruptive behaviour remain poorly
understood. Here we explore the role of various physical parameters
focusing on the explosive-effusive-explosive basaltic andesite eruptions
of Kelud volcano, Indonesia in 1990, 2007, and 2014, respectively.
Through phase equilibria experiments, we find the magma storage
conditions feeding explosive and effusive eruptions are broadly similar
at 975 +/- 39 Celsius, 175 +/- 25 MPa, and 4-6 wt. \% water in the melt.
We also estimated magma ascent rates from halogen diffusion profiles in
zoned apatite, and found that ascent rates of the 2007 dome (0.003-0.05
m/s) are at least one order of magnitude slower than those recorded by
apatite from 1990 and 2014 explosive eruptions (more than 0.1 m/s).
Comparison of the atmospheric sulfur dioxide mass released during the
explosive eruptions with that dissolved in the melt shows that explosive
eruptions accumulated an excess fluid phase prior to eruption of up to
0.1 Mt sulfur dioxide, whereas such fluid accumulation was not
associated with the 2007 effusive eruption, given that the system was
much more open during its inter-eruptive repose. The calculated
viscosity and magma ascent rates also overlap with independent
constraints from magma discharge rates for these same eruptions. We
propose that the presence of an excess fluid phase played a critical
role in controlling the observed eruption style. Implications of our
findings indicate that the presence of an excess fluid phase should be
taken into account when modelling eruptive processes, and parameters
associated with fluid accumulation and degassing could be monitored for
signs of unrest before explosive events.%
\end{abstract}%



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