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\title{Lightning activity in Northern Europe during a stormy winter:
disruptions of weather patterns originating in global climate phenomena}



\author[1,1]{Ivana Kolmasova}%
\author[2,2]{Ondrej Santolik}%
\author[3,3]{Kateřina Rosická}%
\affil[1]{Department of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Department of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics CAS}%
\affil[3]{Charles University}%


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  \date{May 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
In this study, we use the World Wide Lightning Location Network data and
investigate properties of more than ninety thousand lightning strokes
which hit Northern Europe during an unusually stormy winter 2014/2015.
Thunderstorm days with at least two strokes hitting an area of 0.5\selectlanguage{ngerman}° x
0.5° occurred 5-13 times per month in the stormiest regions. Such
frequency of thunderstorm days is about five times higher than a mean
annual number calculated for the same region over winter months in
2008-2017. The number of individual winter lightning strokes was about
four times larger than the long-term median calculated over the last
decade. In colder months of December, January and February, the mean
energy of detected strokes was by two order of magnitude larger than the
global mean stroke energy of 1 kJ. We show for the first time that
winter superbolts with radiated electromagnetic energies above one mega
joule appeared at night and in the morning hours, while the diurnal
distribution of all detected lightning was nearly uniform. We also show
that the superbolts were often single stroke flashes and that their
subsequent strokes never reached MJ energies. The lightning strokes were
concentrated above the ocean close to the western coastal areas. All
these lightning characteristics suppose an anomalously efficient winter
thundercloud charging in the eastern North Atlantic, especially at the
sea-land boundary. We found that the resulting unusual production of
lightning could not be explained solely by an anomalously warm sea
surface caused by a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and
by a starting super El Nino event. Increased updraft strengths, which
are believed to accompany the cold to warm transition phase of El Nino,
might have acted as another charging driver. We speculate that a
combination of both these large-scale climatic events might have been
needed to produce observed enormous amount of winter lightning in winter
2014/2015.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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