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\begin{document}

\title{Nonlinear Wave Growth of Whistler-mode Hiss Emissions in a Uniform
Magnetic Field}



\author[1]{Yoshiharu Omura}%
\author[1]{Yin Liu}%
\affil[1]{Kyoto University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We conduct electromagnetic particle simulations in a uniform magnetic
environment to verify the nonlinear wave growth process of plasmaspheric
hiss in the equatorial plasmasphere. The satisfaction of the
separability criterion for coexisting multiple frequency waves in the
initial stage of wavenumber-time evolution declares that wave packets
are coherent and capable of growing nonlinearly. Spatial and temporal
evolutions of two typical modes located in wavenumber-time evolution
demonstrate the consistency among wave growths, frequency variations,
and inhomogeneity factor \$S\$ in coherent wave packets, showing that
rising and falling tones occur at negative and positive \$S\$ values,
respectively, and an obvious wave growth happens in a reasonable range
of \$S\$ satisfying the second-order resonance condition. Wave packets
extracted from wave fields in space and time by band-pass filter confirm
good agreement between nonlinear theory and simulation results. The
nonlinear growth rates of the extracted wave packets posses similar
magnitudes to the growth rates of wave packets in the simulation, and
they are much greater than the theoretical linear growth rate,
indicating that the nonlinear process is essential in the generation of
plasmaspheric hiss.%
\end{abstract}%



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