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\begin{document}

\title{Dynamics of episodic magma injection and migration at Yellowstone
caldera: revisiting the 2004-2009 episode of caldera uplift with InSAR
and GPS data}



\author[1]{Francisco Delgado}%
\author[2]{Raphael Grandin}%
\affil[1]{Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris}%
\affil[2]{Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The 2004-2009 uplift episode is the largest recorded episode of unrest
at Yellowstone caldera. We use GPS and InSAR time series spanning
2004-2015, with a focus in the aforementioned event to understand the
mechanisms of unrest. InSAR data recorded \textasciitilde{}25 and
\textasciitilde{}20 cm of uplift at the Sour Creek (SCD) and Mallard
Lake (MLD) resurgent domes during 2004-2009, and \textasciitilde{}8 cm
of subsidence at the Norris Geyser Basin (NGB). The SCD/MLD uplift was
followed by subsidence across the caldera floor with a maximum at MLD of
\textasciitilde{}1.5-2.5 cm/yr and no deformation at NGB. The best-fit
source models are two horizontal sills at depths of \textasciitilde{}8.7
and 10.7 km for the caldera source and NGB respectively, with volume
changes of 0.354 and -0.121 km3, and an overpressure of
\textasciitilde{}0.1 MPa. The InSAR and GPS time series record an
exponential increase followed by exponential decrease in the uplift,
which is indicative of magma injection into the caldera reservoir, with
no need for other mechanisms. However, magma extraction from NGB to the
caldera is unable to explain the subsidence coeval with the caldera
uplift. The GPS time series of the 2014-2015 episode of caldera uplift
can also be explained by a magma injection model. Distributed sill
opening models show that magma is stored across the caldera source with
no clear boundary between MLD and SCD. Since the magma overpressure is
orders below the tensile strength of the encasing rock, historical
episodes of unrest like these are very unlikely to trigger an eruption.%
\end{abstract}%



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