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\begin{document}

\title{P wave tomography for 3-D radial and azimuthal anisotropy beneath
Greenland and surrounding regions}



\author[1]{Genti Toyokuni}%
\author[1]{Dapeng Zhao}%
\affil[1]{Tohoku University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We present the first 3-D images of \emph{P}-wave radial anisotropy (RAN)
and azimuthal anisotropy (AAN) down to 750-km depth beneath Greenland
and surrounding regions. The results are obtained by applying a regional
tomographic method to simultaneously invert \emph{P} wave arrival times
of 1,309 local events and \emph{P} wave relative traveltime residuals of
7,202 teleseismic events, which were recorded mainly by the latest GLISN
network. A high-velocity body located beneath northeast Greenland (NEG)
to its offshore exhibits a strong negative RAN and a strong AAN with N-S
to NE-SW oriented fast-velocity directions (FVDs). The FVDs are
generally consistent with the direction of the fold axis of the
Caledonian fold belt, which is considered as an outcrop of the NEG body
on land. Beneath the Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard hotspots, a strong
positive RAN and a negligible or weak AAN are revealed, which may
reflect effects of upwelling mantle plumes. Among the three regions, a
weak AAN with a constant FVD is only revealed beneath Iceland, which may
reflect the existence of background mantle flow. The RAN and AAN
features beneath the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay suggest
the following scenario on breakup between Greenland and Canada: the
breakup was initiated at the Labrador Sea due to local mantle upwelling,
but the northward propagation of the breakup was blocked by a strong
high-velocity anomaly beneath Davis Strait; the opening of Baffin Bay
might be caused passively by far-field plate forces.%
\end{abstract}%



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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

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\end{figure}

\emph{Tectonics}

Supporting Information for

\emph{P} \textbf{wave tomography for 3-D radial and azimuthal anisotropy
beneath Greenland and surrounding regions}

Genti Toyokuni\textsuperscript{1} and Dapeng Zhao\textsuperscript{1}

1 Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figures S1 to S20\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S1} . Distribution of the 3-D grid nodes adopted
for\textbf{(a)} isotropic component and \textbf{(b)} anisotropic
components in both the \(V_{P}\) radial anisotropy (RAN) and
azimuthal anisotropy (AAN) tomography.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S2} . The starting 1-D \emph{P} -wave velocity model
adopted for the tomographic inversions.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S3} . Examples of picking \emph{P} -wave arrival times of
a local earthquake recorded at the GLISN stations. The waveforms are
filtered using a Butterworth filter with a frequency band of 1-10 Hz.
The red dots denote the picked \emph{P} -wave arrival times; gray bars
denote theoretical arrival times calculated for the IASP91 model
(Kennett \& Engdahl, 1991). The epicenter (red star) and seismic
stations (blue triangles) are shown on the inset map.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image5/image5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S4} . Same as Figure S3 but for \emph{S} -wave arrival
times.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image6/image6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S5.} Distribution of average relative teleseismic
travel-time residuals at each station used in this study \textbf{(a)}
before and \textbf{(b)}after the crustal correction. Diamond and circle
symbols denote early and delayed arrivals, respectively.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image7/image7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S6.} Distribution of seismic rays in the study
region.\textbf{(a)} Ray paths from local events. Yellow stars:
epicenters of local events; red triangles: seismic stations. Ray color
indicates the penetration depth, whose scale is shown at the bottom.
\textbf{(b)} Ray paths from teleseismic events. Blue triangles: seismic
stations. Note that only the ray paths shallower than 750 km depth are
shown.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image8/image8}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S7.}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image9/image9}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S7.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image10/image10}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S8.}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image11/image11}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S9.}

\textbf{Figure S7.} Map view images of isotopic \(V_{P}\)
tomography obtained with the same grid and parameter settings as those
in Toyokuni et al. (2020a). The layer depth is shown at the lower-right
corner of each panel. Blue and red colors denote high and low
\(V_{P}\)perturbations, respectively, whose scale (in \%) is
shown on the right. Areas with hit counts \textless{} 5 are masked in
white. The red triangles, red dots, black triangles, and thin black
lines denote active volcanoes, hot springs, seismic stations, and plate
boundaries, respectively. For comparison, the layout of this figure is
exactly the same as that of Figure 4 in Toyokuni et al. (2020a).

\textbf{Figure S8.} Vertical cross-sections of isotopic V\_P tomography
obtained with the same grid and parameter settings as those in Toyokuni
et al. (2020a) along \textbf{(a)} nine N-S oriented profiles
and\textbf{(b)} nine E-W oriented profiles. Locations of the profiles
are shown on the inset maps. The 250-km depth, and the 410 and 660 km
discontinuities are indicated by black solid lines. The thick black
lines on the surface denote land areas. Active volcanoes within a \selectlanguage{ngerman}±2°
width of each profile are shown as red triangles. For comparison, the
layout of this figure is exactly the same as that of Figure 5 in
Toyokuni et al. (2020a).

\textbf{Figure S9.} Same as Figure S8 but with \textbf{(a)} seven NW-SE
oriented profiles and \textbf{(b)} seven NE-SW oriented profiles. For
comparison, the layout of this figure is exactly the same as that of
Figure 6 in Toyokuni et al. (2020a).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image12/image12}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S10.} Same as Figure 3 but for \(V_{P}\)
isotropic tomography obtained with the same grid setting and the same
damping and smoothing parameters as those for the RAN and AAN
tomography.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image13/image13}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S11.} Same as Figure 4 but for \(V_{P}\)
isotropic tomography obtained with the same grid setting and the same
damping and smoothing parameters as those for the RAN and AAN
tomography.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image14/image14}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S12.} Same as Figure 5 but for \(V_{P}\)
isotropic tomography obtained with the same grid setting and the same
damping and smoothing parameters as those for the RAN and AAN
tomography.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image15/image15}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S13.} Map view images of the input (upper panels) and
output (lower panels) models for the RAN-RRT (Table 1) (RAN: radial
anisotropy; RRT: restoring resolution test; see text for details). The
layer depth is shown above each panel. Labels are the same as in Figure
3.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image16/image16}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S13.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image17/image17}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S14.} Same as Figure S13 but for the RAN-TOT1 (Table 1)
(TOT: trade-off test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image18/image18}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S14.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image19/image19}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S15.} Same as Figure S13 but for the RAN-TOT2 (Table 1)
(TOT: trade-off test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image20/image20}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S15.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image21/image21}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S16.} Map view images of the input (upper panels) and
output (lower panels) models for the AAN-RRT (Table 1) (AAN: azimuthal
anisotropy; RRT: restoring resolution test; see text for details). The
layer depth is shown above each panel. Labels are the same as in Figure
6.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image22/image22}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S16.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image23/image23}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S17.} Same as Figure S16 but for the AAN-TOT1 (Table 1)
(TOT: trade-off test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image24/image24}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S17.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image25/image25}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S18.} Same as Figure S16 but for the AAN-TOT2 (Table 1)
(TOT: trade-off test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image26/image26}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S18.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image27/image27}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S19.} Same as Figure S16 but for the AAN-SRT1 (Table 1)
(SRT: synthetic resolution test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image28/image28}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S19.} (continued).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image29/image29}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S20.} Same as Figure S16 but for the AAN-SRT2 (Table 1)
(SRT: synthetic resolution test; see text for details).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image30/image30}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S20.} (continued).

References

Kennett, B. L. N., \& Engdahl, E. R. (1991). Traveltimes for global
earthquake location and phase identification. \emph{Geophysical Journal
International} , 105,
429--465.\emph{https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x}

Toyokuni, G., Matsuno, T., \& Zhao, D. (2020a). \emph{P} wave tomography
beneath Greenland and surrounding regions: 1. Crust and upper
mantle.\emph{Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth} , 125,
e2020JB019837.\emph{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019837}

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