\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Climatic, hydrological and karst geological controls on groundwater
recharge: the view from an Australian vadose zone cave observatory}



\author[1]{Andy Baker}%
\author[2]{Romane Berthelin}%
\author[2]{Andreas Hartmann}%
\author[3]{Pauline Treble}%
\affil[1]{University of New South Wales}%
\affil[2]{University of Freiburg}%
\affil[3]{Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 06, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
In water-limited environments, quantifying the timing and frequency of
erratic rainfall recharge events and its climate forcing is of critical
importance for groundwater resource management. In temperate semi-arid
New South Wales, SE Australia (precipitation: 615 mm/year, pan
evaporation: 1679 mm/year), since 2010 we have been using a limestone
cave situated at 20 m below land surface, and just above the water
table, as a vadose zone observatory of potential recharge approximated
by drip rate observations. Complimented since 2018 by a soil moisture
probe network and using the VarKarst karst-specialized recharge model,
we investigate the climatic, hydrological and karst geological controls
on recharge dynamics. We observe nineteen recharge events (07.2010 to
01.2021). They cluster into two periods (1) seven events between 08.2010
and 12.2010 during a La Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ña (enhanced spring rainfall is typical in
eastern Australia) and (2) seven events between 06.2016 and 10.2016
associated with a negative Indian Ocean Dipole (which is associated with
wet winters and springs in southern Australia). Comparison with
antecedent rainfall indicates a minimum of 40 mm rainfall over 14-days
is required for recharge in winter, and \textgreater{}120 mm rainfall
over 14-days in summer. We will use the karst recharge model to simulate
the observed recharge events and to quantify the threshold behavior of
the soil and vadose zone above the cave. Two recharge events have
occurred since the establishment of the soil moisture network
(03.05.2020, 29.07.2020). For those, we can analyze the influence of
antecedent soil storage on the initiation of recharge and use this
understanding for an evaluation of the simulated internal fluxes and
storages of karst recharge model. Providing realistic results of both
recharge and soil moisture observations, the model can be used as tool
to predict the impact of past and future climate changes on groundwater
renewal.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

