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\begin{document}

\title{Tomography-Based Convection and Melt Generation Beneath the Rungwe
Volcanic Province, East Africa}



\author[1]{Emmanuel A. Njinju}%
\author[1]{D. Sarah Stamps}%
\author[2]{Tyrone O. Rooney}%
\author[3]{Estella A. Atekwana}%
\author[1]{Tahiry A Rajaonarison}%
\affil[1]{Virginia Tech}%
\affil[2]{Michigan State University}%
\affil[3]{University of Delaware}%


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  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Within the Western Branch of the East African Rift (EAR), volcanism is
highly localized, which is distinct from the voluminous magmatism seen
throughout the Eastern Branch of the EAR. Voluminous magmatism in the
Eastern Branch results from plume-lithosphere interactions, but the
origin of magmatism in the Western Branch remains enigmatic. Previous
investigations of melt generation beneath the Rungwe Volcanic Province
(RVP), the southernmost volcanic center in the Western Branch, suggest
plume materials are present. Here, we develop a model of
tomography-based convection (TBC) with melt generation to test the
hypothesis that melt beneath the RVP is sourced from plume materials. To
test our hypothesis, we use seismically constrained lithospheric
thickness and sublithospheric mantle structure to develop a fully
adiabatic 3D thermomechanical model of TBC with melt generation using
ASPECT. We test a range of mantle potential temperatures and find values
ranging from 1250-1350 \selectlanguage{ngerman}°C are unable to generate melt beneath the RVP.
However, when the sublithospheric mantle temperature is increased by
\textasciitilde{}250 K based on constraints from shear wave velocity
anomalies, decompression melt generation occurs at a maximum depth of
\textasciitilde{}150 km beneath the RVP. Our work suggests that excess
sublithospheric mantle temperatures are necessary for melt generation
beneath the RVP, and that shear wave velocity anomalies can provide a
first order estimate of these anomalous mantle conditions. Excess
sublithospheric mantle temperature in the RVP suggests the influence of
a plume-source for the seismic anomalies and supports existing
geochemical interpretations of a mantle plume contribution to magmatism
in the RVP.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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