\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Estimations of Surface Soil Moisture for Intertidal Mudflats Using a
Near-infrared Long-Range Terrestrial Laser Scanner}



\author[1]{Jin Chen}%
\author[1]{Kai Tan}%
\author[1]{Weiguo Zhang}%
\affil[1]{East China Normal University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Estimations of the surface soil moisture and distributions play a key
role in the ecological, environmental, and topographical investigations
for intertidal mudflats that are characteristically wet and periodically
submerged by sea water. However, existing techniques have limitations of
measurement. Along with the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud,
long-range terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) can simultaneously record
the co-located intensity value of each echo that internally contains
physical reflectance characteristics of the scanned point. Most
long-range TLSs emit near-infrared lasers that can be strongly absorbed
by the water. Thus, the intensity values of the areas with high water
moisture are theoretically smaller than those of the regions with low
moisture. In this study, the intensity data of long-range TLSs are
corrected for the incidence angle and distance effects and the corrected
intensity data are utilized to quantitatively estimate the surface soil
moisture of intertidal mudflats. A case study is conducted for a mudflat
in Chongming Island, Shanghai, China, using a long-range TLS (Riegl
VZ-4000) that can measure distance up to 4000 m with a near-infrared
wavelength of 1550 nm. Results show that compared with traditional
techniques (e.g., gravimetric measurements) the corrected intensity data
of long-range TLSs are a very effective data source for a quick,
accurate, and detailed estimation of surface soil moisture for
large-area mudflats. The estimation accuracy is approximately 97\%.
Additionally, by combining the point cloud of the mudflats the 3D
distribution of the moisture can be accurately mapped to potentially
analyze the intrinsic association between moisture and topography,
vegetation coverage, and habitation of creatures in mudflats.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

