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\begin{document}

\title{Butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons induced by lower-band
whistler chorus}



\author[1]{Shinji Saito}%
\author[2]{Yoshizumi Miyoshi}%
\affil[1]{National Institute of Information and Communications Technology}%
\affil[2]{Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 11, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The butterfly distribution is one of the characteristic features of the
electron pitch angle distribution in electron radiation belts, and it
has the maximum electron flux intensity at the pitch angle between the
loss cone and 90 degrees. In this Letter, we report the results of
test-particle simulations to reveal that the lower-band whistler chorus
can be an important cause of the butterfly distribution of relativistic
electrons. Our simulations show that the combination of two nonlinear
scattering processes, that are phase-trapping and phase-bunching,
contributes to the wave-driven butterfly distribution. The butterfly
pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons is proposed to be a
signature of the nonlinear scattering processes due to intense whistler
chorus waves in the heart of the outer radiation belt.%
\end{abstract}%



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